Organizational Culture Essay

Authoritative Culture has been depicted as the mutual qualities, standards, customs, and methods of doing things that impact the manner in which hierarchical individuals act. In many associations, these common qualities and practices have developed after some time and decide, toa an enormous degree, how things are done in the association. This definition keeps on clarifying hierarchical qualities, portrayed as â€Å"beliefs and thoughts regarding what sorts of objectives individuals from an association should seek after and thoughts regarding the fitting sorts or gauges of conduct authoritative individuals should use to accomplish these objectives. From authoritative qualities create hierarchical standards, rules, or desires that recommend fitting sorts of conduct by workers specifically circumstances and control the conduct of hierarchical individuals towards each other. † The meaning of culture suggests three things. The way of life is ‘perspective’, ‘descriptive’ lastly ‘shared’ inside the association. Examination recommends that there are seven measurements that depict and organization’s culture. Every one of the seven measurements (appeared in show 1) territories from low to high, which means it isn't exceptionally ordinary of the way of life (low) or is extremely run of the mill of the way of life (high). The seven elements of culture are: Attention to Detail. Result Orientation. Individuals Orientation. Group Orientation. Forcefulness. Security. Advancement and Risk Taking. The way of life of an association can either be Strong or Weak. The way of life, here and there impact the employees’ practices and activities. Solid Culture is said to exist where staff react to upgrade in light of their arrangement to hierarchical qualities. In such situations, solid societies assist firms with working like very much oiled machines, cruising alongside remarkable execution and maybe minor tweaking of existing methods to a great extent. Examination shows that solid societies are those in which the key qualities are profoundly held and broadly shared and impact workers than do more vulnerable societies. A â€Å"Strong† culture might be particularly gainful to firms working in the administration segment since individuals from these associations are liable for conveying the administration and for assessments significant constituents make about firms. Exploration shows that associations may get the accompanying advantages from creating solid and beneficial societies: †¢Better adjusting the organization towards accomplishing its vision, crucial, objectives †¢High representative inspiration and dependability †¢Increased group cohesiveness among the company’s different offices and divisions. †¢Promoting consistency and empowering coordination and control inside the organization †¢Shaping representative conduct at work, empowering the association to be increasingly proficient. Be that as it may, in a solid culture, individuals do things since they trust it is the proper activity, this frequently makes a state where individuals, regardless of whether they have various thoughts, don't challenge authoritative reasoning, along these lines, bringing about a diminished limit with respect to creative considerations. Most associations have moderate to solid societies; that is, there is generally high concurrence on what’s significant, what characterizes â€Å"good† representative conduct, the stuff to excel, etc. In any case, it is additionally imperative to see what a more vulnerable culture in an association may yield at: An organization’s culture is regularly settled by its top directors and it begins at the choice procedure. For example, during the representative determination process, chiefs regularly judge work competitors hands on necessities as well as on how well they may fit into the association. Further to that, the hazard taking hunger and disrespectfulness to its rivals by the top supervisors clears the development and activity of an association.

Sports development and the medias Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sports improvement and the medias - Assignment Example ce that instructors, office chiefs, youth laborers, strategy engineers, mentors, society outreach work force, wellbeing pros and a few others are completely supposed to be engaged with sports improvement. Then again, in this expert network there is a various economy present which involves paid experts, scholastics, volunteers, approach designers and specialists. In the great occasions, the arrangement of sports and money related help have been supported and empowered overwhelmingly and in the terrible days these viewpoints have together been secured against conserving. Regardless of all these, significant concern wins among different entertainers just as foundations according to sports advancement. The ascent of the difference and strife manifests from the difficult talks, applications and approaches. A record with respect to the political apprehension was found from significant scholarly examination among the supporters of favored advancement of sports and the more extensive gatheri ng investment. Such strains are apparent in the games history of UK and furthermore in different nations too (Hylton and Bramham, 2007). Sports advancement has been expressed to be a procedure with the assistance of which consideration and need to be a piece of game may be ingrained in such people who are still directly inert to the thought. Media has been known to contribute significantly towards the advancement of sports. It has been additionally said that with the assistance of this procedure, chances could be given to those people who are directly not a section. It has been characterized as the procedure with the assistance of which the people who are directly a piece of the action or the procedure may be encouraged to keep doing it with noteworthy recurrence and expanded happiness. This would permit the members at each phase to accomplish their whole potential. Sports advancement is ensuring that the ways and game plans are in their particular positions in order to encourage people to pick up

Blog Archive Harvard University (Harvard Business School) Essay Analysis, 2008-2009

Blog Archive Harvard University (Harvard Business School) Essay Analysis, 2008-2009 As we noted on our blog the other day, Harvard Business School (HBS) has released its essay questionsâ€"and is the first major MBA program to do soâ€"thereby marking the start of the 2008â€"2009 MBA application season. We are interested to see whether other schools rush to follow HBS’s lead or whether they will wait to release their questions until the first week of July, when the questions are typically released. If Wharton is any indication, some schools will not be in a hurry to match HBS’s accelerated agenda. As those who follow all things HBS will quickly discern, this year’s application differs in only a few small ways from last year’s. HBS’s first two essay questions remain the same. Thereafter, candidates need to complete two of four essay choices, rather than three of five, and two new essays are included among these options (“Discuss how you have engaged with a community or organization” and “What area of the world are you most curious about and why?”). We can’t help but speculate that the Admissions Committee, coming off a year when the number of applications increased by 15% (to approximately 8,500), chose to reduce the number of required essays to make processing the applications more efficient. (Note: For additional information  on the  Harvard Business School experience, please consult the MBA Mission Insiders Guide series.)   1.  What are your three most substantial accomplishments and why do you view them as such? (600-word limit) This mainstay of the Harvard MBA application challenges the applicant to quickly “wow” the reader with three individual accomplishments that, together, reveal a true depth of experience. Generally, the candidate should showcase different dimensions of his/herself within the three subsections of this essay. Candidates can select from their professional, community, personal, academic (must be truly outstanding), athletic, interpersonal, experiential and entrepreneurial accomplishments, but certainly, no formula for the right mix of stories exists. While this is HBS’s longest single essay in terms of word limit, many candidates treat it as three mini essays, and constructing individual stories within 200-word subsets is quite challenging. Candidates must remember that the experiences described are crucial, but they are not everything. Indeed, two elements need to be addressed in this essayâ€"the story of your accomplishment and an analytical reflection on that story (“why do you view them as such?”). The second half of this question should not be ignored; your personal thoughts and reflections are yours alone and will differentiate you from the pack. 2. What have you learned from a mistake? (400-word limit)   What is interesting about this question is that the Admissions Committee is not asking you to recount a failure or setback, which would allow you to shift the blame onto others or external circumstances. Instead, they are asking about a mistake that you made or were in some way involved in makingâ€"which means that you cannot avoid taking personal responsibility for the error. We cannot emphasize this enough: the Admissions Committee wants to know that you can honestly and critically assess yourself. You do not need to be brutal, but your essay must leave you exposed in some way. Attempts to hide or minimize your mistake, or your role in it, will be transparent and will lessen the import of what you learned from itâ€"as well as the strength of your essay. Fundamentally, this essay is not so much about the mistake itself as it is about what you learned from the mistake. So, you will need to explain the error, take responsibility in a mature manner and then be introspective, showing that learning occurred and led to real change in your thoughts and actions. 3. Please respond to two of the following (400-word limit each): a. What would you like the MBA Admissions Board to know about your undergraduate academic experience? This question is quite open-ended, so you are not constrained to a historical recounting of your entire academic career; you can be selective and showcase the aspects that present you in the most positive light. This is an opportunity to explain your choices (of school/major) and highlight your intellectual vitality, not to review your coursework (the Admissions Committee has your transcript) or justify bad grades. While “academic” is the operative word in this essay question, it can be interpreted broadly. Your academic experience can extend beyond the classroom and into, for example, vigorous discussions with professors during office hours. The idea is to show that while you were an undergraduate, you seized various opportunities to explore ideas and develop your own interests, thoughts and world view. You should try to create momentum, illustrating how you worked to discover your passions and committed yourself to a course of study. However, this does not mean that you can only discuss your major; that quirky “surrealist cinema” or fascinating “modern architecture” class that was well outside of your core course of study might be the perfect fodder to prove your intellectual growth. Note: we generally do not recommend this essay question to candidates who are several years removed from their undergraduate experience, but exceptions are made for those who had truly extraordinary academic careers. b. Discuss how you have engaged with a community or organization. “How” is the key word in this essay question. The Admissions Committee does not want you to simply recite your activities (they will have access to a complete list of these from the “short answer” section of your application). They want to understand the thought process behind your involvement and the actions you have taken to create your impact. Clearly, a candidate should choose this essay only if he/she has a profound connection to a community or organization. In many ways, this essay should be an expression of that connection, showing the spirit, meaning and purpose that inspired the engagement, as well as the efficacy of the involvement. Indeed, mere participation will not suffice. The Admissions Committee must take away from this essay that the applicant is a leader and has influenced a community or organization in an indelible way. c. What area of the world are you most curious about and why? This essay question presents quite a challenge. Candidates have to identify an area of the world that intrigues them and then create an immensely personal connection to it that justifies its selection. Simply choosing the Asia Pacific region or China because these areas are experiencing immense growth, for example, will not suffice. If you imagine yourself as a reader for the Admissions Committee, you will realize that you will not be drawn in by a stranger informing you of things you already know about certain areas or countries. So, if you choose to answer this question, you will be obliged to provide evidence of or the background behind an intense intellectual, spiritual and/or professional connection to the place that is driving this curiosity. Indeed, candidates are best advised to focus on the curiosity (what is personally intriguing) more than on the merits of the area (what everyone tends to know).   d. What is your career vision and why is this choice meaningful to you? Many candidates feel anxious about not answering this question, because, for the most part, every top school asks candidates to directly discuss their goals. Well, for the record, mbaMission worked with candidates who were admitted to HBS last year without answering this question. It is, indeed, optional. Essentially, we feel that if you are truly passionate about a certain career path and this path has some distinctiveness to it, then you should answer this question. However, if you are still contemplating your career or can reveal something unique about yourself by answering one of the other essay questions instead, then you need not use this one. If you choose to address it, this question offers you flexibility in discussing your career path, because the Admissions Committee wants to hear about vision, not narrow goals. Still, even though no blatant request is made for a description of your short- and long-term goals, you cannot afford to be whimsical. To ensure your credibility, you must show that you are focused in your ambitions and ensure that your desired career path is built on a legitimate, existing foundation. HBS strives to restrict the illustrious HBS experience to those with clear vision, potential and purpose. The latter portion of this essay question (“why is this choice meaningful to you?”) places the onus on you to explore and explain your motivations. The question’s structure prevents superficial answers and forces you to show a fundamental understanding of, and personal connection to, your goals going forward. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

Growth Of America In The Gilded Age - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 590 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gilded Age Essay Did you like this example? The Gilded Age was a time period in the 19th century that took place between the civil war and the beginning of the 20th century. The Gilded Age was when America experienced enormous growth. This period of time brought in new technology and industry growth. The Gilded Age was not all good though, monopolies were formed and corruption in government began. The Second Industrial Revolution was where economic productivity was spurred. The Revolution came about from the creation of modern transportation, communication systems, electrical power, and the systematic application of scientific research to industrial processes. The biggest thing from modern transportation was the transcontinental railroad which helped expand markets worldwide. Communication systems came from telegraph lines which helped Europe and America communicate. Electricity increased speed, power, and efficiency of machinery. Electricity also made elevators possible which made taller buildings possible. Scientific research helped researchers find a way to make more steel and gasoline. This research helped make new products like telephones, typewriters, phonographs, sewing machines, cameras, and farm machines. With making these new products faster it made the prices go down. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Growth Of America In The Gilded Age" essay for you Create order Corporations grew much larger in size, power, and socially than ever before. The corporations would often form connections with important people to influence governors, legislators, Congress, and presidents. Some corporations tried to eliminate their competition by driving the other company out or by buying the other company out. By forming these companies many business leaders bribed politicians, broke laws, and exploited workers. Many people men who created big businesses were driven by the desire of becoming rich, so they could have power. One major monopolist was John D. Rockefeller who created a vertical integration monopoly with his Standard Oil Company. This means that he owned all of the different businesses that he needed to produce and sell the oil. After the Civil War Congress, state legislators, and presidents were all bribed to let big businesses do what they wanted to. Not only did the economy transform but the tension between social classes were also more visible than they were before. There was no intermarriage between two different classes. The industrialists that dominated economic, social, and political life after the Civil War had so much wealth and showed it off to everyone. Most middle-class Americans were left to practice self-discipline and restraint, simplicity and frugality.   The working class was filled with unskilled workers from railroads, mills, mines, factories, sweatshops, and slaughterhouses. Even though wage levels grew overall during the Gilded Age, there was a great difference between the pay for unskilled and skilled workers. Women and Children were given more opportunities to better themselves and their families during this time period. The number of middle-class women working outside the home tripled during this time period. Most of this is due to women being able to get a higher education because they were allowed to be admitted to more colleges. But the mills, factories, large businesses, and mines needed more unskilled workers, so they hired children and women to fill those places. Children and women had lower wages than an unskilled man that did the same job they were doing. Workers during the Gilded Age often struggled to force employers to recognize their needs and concerns. Since no would listen, the workers which were also called unionized workers would frequently hold strikes in response to their wages getting cut. Those strikes usually became violent between the unionized workers and the managers of the business. The violent strikes led the middle-class Americans to view the unionized workers to be radicals or anarchists.

What were the Primary Reasons for the Fall of Rome

What Were the Primary Reasons for the â€Å"Fall† of Rome? By 200 BC, Rome was quickly becoming one of the world’s greatest empires with their excellent military conquering territory from modern day Scotland to Spain. After the Punic Wars and the defeat of Carthage, Rome had full control of the Mediterranean region, establishing colonies in North Africa, Egypt, the Middle East, and Asia Minor. Julius Caesar became Rome’s first emperor using his military influence. Under his reign, Rome shifted from a republic to an empire under the rule of an emperor and the military. Rome steadily increased in stability, power, and wealth, reaching Pax Romana (the time of Roman peace) under Emperor Augustus Caesar. Rome was forced to discover, as many other†¦show more content†¦These Germanic soldiers were not loyal to Rome and were therefore not as motivated to keep Rome afloat. Because of the undersized, lethargic Roman military and its aggressive opposition, Rome wa s very much open to foreign invasions. By the fifth century, the â€Å"powerhouse of the Mediterranean† was struggling to protect itself with its decreased population, apathetic military, and leaders with debauched morals. Outside of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes took notice of the internal chaos and began invading the empire’s borders. Many of the tribes were cruel and combative, such as the Huns. The Huns â€Å"exceed any definition of savagery† and were â€Å"fired with an overwhelming desire for seizing the property of others, these swift-moving and ungovernable people make their destructive way amid the pillage and slaughter of those who live around them.† (Document D, excerpts about an Asian tribe called the Huns from Roman History by Ammianus Marcellinus). Roman soldiers would have had a challenge ahead of them if they had to deal with the Huns at the height of the Roman military, let alone having to fight them when their numbers were depleted and motivation running low. The Huns played a large part in minimizing what little hope Rome had of reviving itself into the Mediterranean-dominating empire it once was. Many other tribes followed the Huns example and invaded Rome at its borders. Document C, a map created from various sources,Show MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1419 Words   |  6 Pagesof extensive political and social structures throughout western civilization. How did this empire fall and were internal factories responsible? Slow occurrences in succession to one another led to the fall of the empire rather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, not just one, leading up to the complete decay of the cities—Rome and Constantinople. However, one could argue how one factory played a more important role than theRead MoreEssay about The Fall of the Roman Empire1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire A reason that leads to Romes inability to remain self-sustaining as an Empire was its lack of technology. Technological advance did not increase at a rate proportional to the increase of the people per square mile. This lead to the inability of the Romans to become self-sustaining. Once again the slave trade was a reason that their technology levels failed to increase. The bulk of work done in the Roman Empire was always carried out by the slaves. This providedRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire987 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch I wanted to look into what influences I found important in the fall of Rome. After reading the fall of the Roman Empire by Peter Heather I found the relationship between the Britain and Roman Empire filled with several issues that started the fall of Rome in my opinion. I had difficulty in the beginning of my research exploring what dealings in ancient Rome I found problematic for leadership in Britain and culture change that evidence directly affect s the fall of Roman control in Britain.Read MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1430 Words   |  6 Pages While the fall of the Roman Empire is well known, the exact causes of why it fell can be difficult to pinpoint. Many historians believe that Rome s downfall was due to poor leadership, weakened economics, or perhaps a combination of the two along with other seemingly unrelated factors. However, there is a string of evidence suggesting that there were three main components that took place to bring about the fall of the Roman Empire. These determinant attributes did not happen all at once, and thereRead MoreThe Importance Of Ancient Rome1243 Words   |  5 Pagespropose that this place is of course ancient Rome. Rome was a strong ancient empire of the past, one of the first to rule the ancient world. why, you ask? Well, there are three reasons to support my thinking. First, some animals would still exist, like the North African elephant and the Syrian lion. This has significance to our culture because we would use them in for resources or for other reasons. Second, we got our violent tinge from the entertainment of Rome . How would you feel if you could not watchRead MoreEssay about History of the Eartly Christian Church1231 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerically, thrived. Councils were held, doctrine developed, and great strides were taken in order to have Christianity be one catholic church. However, in the next couple centuries, the church would grow apart and rulers would fall resulting in mass turmoil throughout the Western Empire. The Roman Catholic Church (as it would later be called) used these events to secure its grip over the entire western empire. In the western half of the once great Roman Empire, Rome, along with the surrounding territoriesRead MoreThe Triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire Essays560 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom being persecuted to dominating Rome rather quickly. In a world where separation between church and state does not exist, a Christian becoming the sole emperor of Rome symbolized a huge turning point in history. The power switched and the Pagans in turn became persecuted. Christians rose up and took control of all aspects of Roman society. The Pagan past was destroyed, banned, or forgotten about. Those Christians that did not agree with how things were being run either left the empire andRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1316 Words   |  6 Pagesthings that once made the empire great could be the sole reasons for its decline? There are substantial reasons as to why the empire fell. Constant occurrences in succession from another—whether internal or external—led to the fall r ather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, however, the purpose of this paper is to identify the internal factories that resulted in the fall of the Roman Empire. The Huns and the End of the RomanRead MoreRise of the Roman Republic Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesROMAN REPUBLIC Rome became a powerful empire engulfing much of Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia and what seemed like this great entity called the Romans were always in the search of more territory and land to conquer and assimilate into their ever growing vast empire. However, this was not always the case, before Rome became one of the greatest empires in all of history, Rome was a republic. They were government consisted of a Senate who much like our countryRead MoreThe Causes And Fall Of The Han And The Roman Empire1065 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, there were various empires which developed into great, powerful forces. These empires expanded their lands to new places but, these empires ultimately came to an end. Amongst these great empires, were the Han and the Roman empire. Both were great in power but, due to political, social, and economic causes, they came to an end. Although they do partake in the equal shares of corruption and problems with the military, they also had fa ir shares of differences, regarding their declines

Short Story - 1566 Words

Keeping my emotions detached, I retrieve his credit card from my purse and return it to him. As soon as he accepts it, I turn to leave. He grabs my wrist, ceasing my retreat. The warmth of his body radiates onto the length of my back, his lips caress my ear. Once again he deepens his voice and whispers, â€Å"I told you, you cant leave.† I twist my head just enough to stare into his once, beautiful eyes. Who is this man standing behind me? Though the colour of his eyes remains an ocean-blue with white caps, the love and charm that once inhabited there have dispersed, leaving something ominous in its place. My eyes narrow as I channel all the hate I can muster into him. Once again, his lips caress my ear as he whispers, â€Å"You already†¦show more content†¦I twist my body to find him standing by the office door. Though he wears a forlorn expression, it doesnt suppress the warmth within his honey-brown eyes. I know he means well, but what can he do? He cant rescue me if someone decides to pull a gun on me. Id be dead before he realises Im shot. Nevertheless, I force one corner of my mouth to rise before I climb the stairs to the stage. The unlit spotlight allows me to observe six pairs of eyes scrutinising me, waiting for their entertainment. Whatever little pride I had in my singing ability disperses. Maybe Don Bellini will end my life for my lack of talent. I abandon their gaze and scan the room until I find Alice, wearing a melancholy stare. However, she channels her strength towards me nonetheless. With a slight nod of her head, I open my mouth and allow the melody to flow. It wasnt my greatest performance, I had succumbed to my nerves and quivers, but somehow, I managed to fulfil the Dons demand. I held so tightly to the microphone my knuckles turned white and had I not stood firmly on my feet, they would witness the violent shake in my legs. Halfway through my first song, the men resumed their game and pleasant banter as if the fight never transpired. From that moment, I couldnt comprehend the continuance of my singing for the Don if he had no intention of listening. But the invisible hands held me in place until the music faded nonetheless. â€Å"Thank you,† I whisper into theShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

8220To Infinity and Beyond8221 Essay Example For Students

8220To Infinity and Beyond8221 Essay TenNineEightThreeTwoOneThose were the longest ten seconds of my life. Todays the sixteenth of July 1969, 8:32AM and Apollo 11 has taken off under clear skies from Cape Kennedy Florida, destination, the moon. Our lives are at the hands of thousands of scientists and many years of research. Piloted by a three-man crew, lead by me, Neil Armstrong. Im not mad, I just have a dream, a dream since I was two, when my father took me to the National Air Races. From that day I ate, slept, and dreamt of flying. At age fifteen, I began my flying lessons. While other boys my age were learning to drive, I was learning to fly. I even achieved my pilots license before my drivers. Some people feel happy on the ground, but I was just the opposite of that. My happy place was flying, in the sky, with my Aeronca Champions Airplane. In 1949 I would be called to the navy, and I wouldnt have had it any other way. Through the navy I began studying aeronautical engineering and graduated from Purduc University where I received my bachelors in aeronautical engineering. I felt as if something was missing from my life. In 1962 I was one of the nine astronauts to be accepted by NASA to be part of President Kennedys plan to land an American on the moon. This, this is what I wanted to do, no doubt ever, since I was two this is what God had put me on this ea rth to do, and there wasnt a doubt in my mind I wasnt going to came through. So here I am, Commander of Apollo 11 with my two co-pilots Edwin E. Aldwin, Jr. Lunar Module Pilot, be we just call him buzz, and Michael Collins Command Module Pilot. Its 11:49PM and the first critical maneuver mast be made. The Eagle is separating from Columbia and we have to dock the space craft head to head. Right now many things are going through my mind, yet my body is focusing on what Im supposed to do and Im pushing all the right buttons. The docking is successful and we are onto the 3rd stage as we continue on a straight path to the moon. I surrounded in total darkness, I just lay back and listen to the power of the engine and soak up the phenomenon that we are going where no man has gone before. (Tribune, 1, 2)July 19,1969, it is 11:58 in the morning three days after the 3rd stage was completed and I look out the small cubic window to find a wonderful sight. The object which on earth, looks none other then a small ball of green cheese, shocks me a gigantic, massive, piece o f art that no other could have created other than God himself. Two hundred miles above the moon, I fire the rockets to slow us down to a speed of 3,600 mph and we enter the moons orbit 60 miles above the moon. July 20, 12:46PM after 14 orbits of the moon the Eagle seating buzz and I separate from Columbia, leaving Michael, and off to make history. Its 2:08PM and I decide its time to release the landing gear and me and buzz to make out descent to the moon and to part of history. Knowing we have only two burns to drop in a safe landing site, my hands get shaky, and as I make the first burn I look out the window 50,000 ft. above the moons surface. Looking out the window I can see that our destined landing site is a field of boulders the size of New York football field. Then, out of nowhere, a potential serious problem occurs when two of the caution lights turn off by themselves. At this very moment, my whole flying career flashes by my eyes, I started to panic, and then I received a ra dio message that the threat isnt a problem and we can continue. So I wipe the sweat off my forehead and give a reassuring look to Buzz, giving me the thumbs up we get back on track. Buzz then explains we only have five minutes of flying fuel left in the craft. Acting quickly I decided to fly over the field of boulders and take my chances of there being a clear landing spot over them. Houston radios two minutes of fuel. 60 seconds. 40 seconds! a little later I announce, the Eagle has landed. (Tribune, 3)All this time I wondered what I would say the moment I set foot on the moon. I remember my fathers old saying, take a step for others and then yourself. As I leap to meet my destiny I tell the world, thats one step for man, one giant leap for mankind. (Tribune, 3) My right foot touched the surface first them my left. I felt like I was walking on the clouds of heaven, at this moment I turned into the little excited two year old at the National Air Races, jumping and flying in the air. Buzz then reminds me of our task in hand and we pick up 47 pounds of samples, rocks, sands, nothing really unique if you ask me. I take 100 photographs of the moons beautiful surface. Just as I was leaving to board the Eagle I receive a phone call from President Nixon congratulating us on our job well done. To tell you the truth I would rather it been President Kennedy. He was the one truly behind all of this. Reminded of the political side of all this I reached into the back pocket of my suit and pulled out my nations flag. As I set it down deep into the moons crust making sure no alien would mess around with it, I felt it was only fitting that the American flag be set, as the 50 stars blended with the marvelous outer space background.I felt like it was about time to wake up and out of my dream, but it was real! (Tribune, 3)At 4:35PM the Eagle docks back onto the Columbia and Buzz and I am reunited with our buddy, Michael. July 24, 1969, 11:21AM back on earth, back to reality, back home. Eight hundred and twenty miles from Hawaii, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, I think to myself, earth has its paradises too. I look to my fellow pilots, all safe and sound, and I ask myself where to next?Bibliography:

Are Visual Effects Improving or Damaging Film Fro Essays - Film

Are Visual Effects Improving or Damaging Film? From the very inception of film visual effects have been employed by numerous photographers and film makers to enhance, to realise and create new meaning. The very early days of film took great advantage of visual magic' to create illusions and trickery which have impressed countless audiences. Over a century ago when photography was emerging as an art form some unscrupulous commercial photographers would capture portrait shots using an ordinary exposure but then as soon as the subject was removed from the studio a collaborator would be positioned within the same setting, a quick exposure would be taken so as to leave a faint image trace on the film. The unsuspecting customer would then be handed a positive copy of their image with what appeared to be a ghostly figure in shot. A more subtle variation involved the customer being placed with numerous props around him or her, the props would be removed for the second exposure of the ghost character, so as they wouldn't appear too deliberately double exposed. The ghost character would usually be wearing black clothing as film does not see' black due to the chemical process in the emulsion of film which identifies light only, therefore only the ghost would appear in the second image. And herein began the industry of special effects. This ghost trick was the starting point for what is now known as the matte process where unrequired objects are removed from the exposure by masking them so they do not register on the film. One of the first uses of this process in a moving image sequence was witnessed in Alexander Korda's Things To Come (1936) in which the upper levels of a futuristic underground city have been double exposed above footage of live actors, matte masks prevented one image showing on the other image. This film provides one of the earliest examples of special effects being adopted to positively improve the aesthetics of a film. Of course since fil m's early experiments with visual effects the industry has today developed into a very sophisticated, digitally driven and technically ultra-advanced visual medium. Computers have taken special effects to an entirely new level and as computers continue to update and improve their spec so too will the film industry develop around these advances; quite simply computers and digital technology have enabled films to be produced which otherwise would not have been. However despite the often profound visual success of special effects in certain cases some people argue that film is now placing an over reliance on special effects, they argue that visual effects in some films are counter productive as they come across as ineffective and some times unnecessary. Some also question the performance of the actors if all they are doing in a film is running in front of a green screen shouting at an imagined alien' clutching an imagined prop. Others raise concerns regarding the films quality and the processes of putting a film together where much of it is CGI constituted. So is it really the case that films being produced now would be better received by audiences if they did not make so much use of visual effects? Or is it that some studios and directors simply can't adjust effectively to modern day film making? And who is to blame for this? Man or machine? As visual effects artist Piers Bizony points out: One of the greatest misconceptions about modern movies is that visual effects are generated by computers. Nothing could be further from the truth. Human inventiveness is the most important ingredient and it always will be. Computers offer amazing new possibilities, but the underlying challenges of movie illusions are the same today as they were nearly a century ago when the industry was young . Chapter 1: The Profound Benefits of Using Visual Effects in Film Digital effects have significantly impacted on mainstream films, indeed digital technology is now synonymous with exceptional visual effects. Michael Bailey's sci-fi film Armageddon (1999) provides a good example of a director engaging with digital visual effects which achieves an impressive and hugely successful end product. The disaster film depicts the efforts to prevent Earth being destroyed

Othello Essay Essay Example

Othello Essay Essay Example Othello Essay Paper Othello Essay Paper In act 5 scene 2 of the drama ‘Othello’ . we witness Othello killing his married woman Desdemona because Iago tricked him into believing that she was perpetrating criminal conversation. Throughout the drama Iago fooled Othello into believing that his married woman was rip offing on him. this narrative line flood tides in this concluding scene when Othello kills Desdemona so takes his ain life in compunction. After reading William Shakespeare’s authoritative. wrote in the nineteenth century. I watched Oliver Parkers movie version ( 1995 ) . The lighting. costumes. camera shootings. music. scenery and histrions were all used to great consequence to portray the play that ensued in the ilm. As in all movie versions there are many differences to the narrative line. chiefly because the book depicting what is traveling on in the background is non needed in a movie as we can see what is traveling on. This is illustrated in lines 20-22 as they are omitted because they are unneeded due to the stopping point up shootings. which clearly show Othello crying. Appearance and world is a subject which reoccurs throughout Othello. and plays a important function. This subject has its most powerful and dramatic realisation in the character of Iago. Iago fools everyone in the drama into believing he’s honest. for although he is alled ‘honest’ by about everyone in the drama. he is unreliable. deceitful. and manipulative. No one even suspects him of perfidy. until the concluding act when Roderigo foremost realizes how severely he’s been fooled. In short. Iago proves that evil purposes can be masked behind a frontage of honestness. The subject emerges in other characters: Brabantio is deceived by Desdemona’s reaction to Othello. presuming she fears him when she genuinely loves the Moor. Othello suspects that Desdemona is fallacious and impure. although she is truly inculpable and guiltless. Othello besides feels he’s being deceived by Cassio. whom he trusts and ho appears loyal. Emilia’s exterior suggests salty indifference. but she turns against her hubby and dies in rebelliousness of Desdemona. It is the military values. such as honestness. trust and friendly relationship. which are supposed to be between soldiers allow Iago to full pull strings the characters. ( Othello. 1995 ) On the issues of theme visual aspect versus world. Othello and fellow characters place great dependance on their eyes and in making so they jump to decisions. There rather a few illustrations where there is some sort of confusion in that characters believe n merely their eyes indicate to them. hence. Looks can so be really lead oning. One examples where the subject visual aspect versus world comes into consequence. is when Othello spots Cassio walking off after speaking to Desdemona. This formed the footing of enviousness and gave rise to intuition for which Laga was responsible as he made Othello cognizant that an matter was taking topographic point between Cassio and Desdemona. In truth Laga was the 1 who was covetous. In Othello the usage of imagination and linguistic communication by Parker is sighifant it shows the significance because it helps us to see the chief subjects. The chief subjects are nature. visible radiation. snake pit and immorality. Othello. 1995 ) Iago says ‘I’ll pour this plague into his ear’ in the monologue I think the author used the metaphor because it is effectual because Iago says prevarications and prevarications are like a disease or toxicant which shows how his prevarications are to destroy Othello. The plague means disease so this means Iago stating atrocious prevarications. In the address Iago makes many mentions to hell. Devils will the blackest sins’ I think the writer put it a batch of mentions to hell because it reflects Iago’s personality and shows how dark the narrative is. The audience may believe besides that Iago is the Satan. So the subject here is one of darkness and immorality. In Iago’s monologue Iago uses the word ‘Moor’ a batch. This shows Othello is ever on Iago’s head and it shows he hates Othello. In the monologue the contacts between black and white is besides used as a metaphor ‘virtue into pitch’ between Othello and Desdemona In the movie Othello directed by Oliver Parker Iago’s monologue represents a batch about his character. In the beginning Iago’s face is in a batch of shadow. This shows Iago is two faced because the shadow shows two sides of his face. When Iago says ‘I play the villian’he touches his ear. This is a mark proposing he is lying and experiencing nervous so the stance alterations to a more of a edgy subject. Iago is placed in the dark. bluish dark at the beginning to stand for he is a dark. evil character. He talks as though the audience is his friends at the beginning. Iago stares out into the out when he is speaking about Desmonda. This shows he is believing about how to pin down her. When Iago is speaking about Othello. Iago nods in the way of the palace. By making this he is demoing that he is ever cognizant of Othello and worried that he may acquire found out. Iago alterations rapidly when he say’ Divinity degree Fahrenheit snake pit! ’ He voice becomes lower and more serious. This is because he is uncovering more and more of his program to pin down them all. Iago keeps oculus contact with the audience at this point. This shows he wants to affect the audience in his program and besides to demo that he earnestly wants to do Othello experience hurting. The music at starts off quiet so grows louder. The music starts on the line ‘Divinity of snake pit! ’ This is because he cursed and he going more and more darker in what he says. Violin strings do the music ; this creates a creepy music. which is merely right to demo how evil and creepy Iago is. Towards the terminal of the address Iago moves towards the fire. The ruddy fires of the fire represent Iago’s evil side because ruddy is usual associated with snake pit Iago holds the smouldering terminal of a fire log and snuffs it with the thenar of his fist stating. ‘So will I turn her virtuousness into pitch’ . and out of her ain goodness make the cyberspace that shall ensnarl them all. This shows Iago wants to utilize Desdemona in his immorality program and by utilizing her he will turn her from being white and pure ( ‘virtue’ ) into non so pure ( ‘pitch’ ) . When Iago closes his custodies in the address. This represents him pin downing them all. If I were directing this scene foremost I would hold had sounds of air current to demo the presence of immorality. I would hold Iago have oning wear dark colored apparels. to demo the audience that he is dark. When Iago references Othello he says ‘Moor’ so when he says ‘Moor’ I would hold him draw an angry face to demo his hatred towards Othello. When Iago says’ She’s framed as fruitful’ He should state that truly reasonably and smile but in a sarcastic manner to demo that Othello thinks the universe of her. Then he should alter from a reasonably voice to a serious voice when he says ‘then for her. to win the Moor again’ . By making this he is demoing his program because he’s utilizing Desdemona beauty and inasuns to acquire O thello. When Iago asks rhetorical inquiry such as ‘How am I so a villain’ he should look straight at them camera to the audience and wink a spot to demo that he knows he is non guiltless but he still tries to do everybody believe that he is. Towards the terminal of the address when Iago says ‘So will I turn her into virtuousness into pitch. And out of her goodness make the cyberspace. that shall ensnarl them all. ’ He should be sitting on the autumn playing about in the irt. so as he is stating the line he should catch the soil put it over his manus and so do a fist with the remainder of the soil to demo that he is pin downing them all. The music should be still creepy but a bit darker like more fiddles should be added to do the music darker. This would be good because it would demo Iago is even darker. The music should get down off quieter but so turn louder at the line ‘Divinity of snake pit! I feel the music needs to be on throughout the monologue to demo how dark Iago is. Iago’s aim ‘make the net. That shall ensnarl them all’ ; is really successful because Iago foremost traps Roderigo by stating that he will et Desdemona for him. Iago following traps Cassio by acquiring him rummy and so Cassio loss his occupation. Following Iago traps Desdemona by doing her ask Othello to give Cassio his occupation back so Othello thinks she is holding an matter. Iago successfully traps Othello into believing that his ain married woman is holding affair without any concrete cogent evidence. Many deceases go on. Desdemona dies. Rodergio dies. Iago married woman dies and Othello dies. Iago has trapped them all because they all dice and he got his retaliation on Othello. There are many utilizations of illuming in a movie. Oliver Parker uses illuming to great consequence at he get downing of Act 5 Scene 2. He sets the scene by utilizing really hushed lighting ; this technique reflects the at hand day of reckoning and Othello’s. dark dull frame of head. Desdemona’s chamber bit by bit becomes darker as Othello extinguishes the tapers as he walks down the hallway towards Desdemona. This signifies that Othello is so traveling to kill Desdemona who was the ‘light of his life’ before the whole adventure. His attack towards his married woman is slow and deliberate. assisting to construct up the tenseness which we the audience feel in relation to our hopes. frights and outlooks sing the destiny of Desdemona. Parker adds further to the dramatic consequence by the powerful intermission prior to Othello speech production. He uses this chance to demo his first shut up of Othello’s tear-stained face. ( Othello. 1995 ) Equally good as excluding lines from Shakespeare’s text Parker inserts lines from old scenes because they seem to do more sense as respects to reading of events. For illustration after line 73 Oliver Parker inserts line 128-129 from Act 5 Scene 1. ( Shakespeare. 2004 ) In the movie Othello approximately throws Desdemona back onto the bed. ( line 78 in the text ) . Again the eerie. stalking music begins signalling impending day of reckoning. Shakspere does non depict Desdemona contending back. Parker. nevertheless. seems to propose that she merely wasn’t a inactive victim. The first flood tide in Act 5 Scene 2 is Othello surrounding his hapless bride. It is a most powerful heart-wrenching scene to watch. Here Parker strikingly uses the close-up technique to its fullest advantage as we see the Whites of Othello’s eyes whilst smothering his married woman. clearly exposing his hurt and angst. Another powerful image is one of Desdemona white manus fondly covering the caput of her liquidator. followed by a hunting close up of Othello’s tear stained face. Othello. 1995 ) In line 140. haunting music returns as Emilia realises that Iago has lied about Desdemona’s behavior to Othello. ensuing in her ill-timed decease. In lines 156-158. in Parker’s version. Emilia shouts â€Å"murder. Again we see a powerful close up of Othello’s heartache at the inexorable realization that he has wrongly killed his darling married woman. ( Shakespeare. 2004 ) The 2nd flood tide to this scene is when Othello stabs Iago who collapses to his articulatio genuss. Othello besides drops to his articulatio genuss. Here we see an image of both histrions gazing each other out. This image is doubtless one of good facing immorality. Then Othello delivers a traveling address to his audience summing up his life. Out of the corner of our eyes we see the flicker of a sticker hidden in the thenar of Othello’s manus. this increases the tenseness in the audience. We so see shootings of Cassio’s and Iago’s reactions. We see a little bead of compunction in Iago’s eyes. We so see Othello utilizing his necklace as a noose before he fatally stabs himself. He is so filmed creeping onto the bed. fighting to make Desdemona whereupon he kisses her foregrounding their love for each other. Parker has created his ain stoping to the unsolved original text. Othello. 1995 ) We watch Iago whose character I will concentrate on shortly join Desdemona Emilia and Othello on the bed ; this possibly shows his regreat. He stares at the camera as if oppugning the audience. Hope is symbolised by Cassio opening the shutters whereupon light enters the room. bathing the characters. Parker has besides added a scene demoing Othello and Desdemona being berried at sea against a glorious deep ruddy sundown. This is symbolic of the passion that existed through the two characters. This cartridge holder is peculiarly powerful as it can be associated with an earlier seen demoing Iago hrowing excessively chess pawns. one black and the other white into a well. A pawn is the least valuable cheat pieces in a chess game. This symbolises how Othello and Desdemona where both pawns in Iago’s game. Parker besides uses the consequence of costumes to add to the movie. Desdemona is have oning a white nightgown. which is symbolic of her pureness. Othello is have oning a white hooded cloak. which besides shows his artlessness in Iago’s game. He is besides have oning a batch of jewelry symbolizing his wealth. Iago is have oning a dark brown outfit throughout the movie unlike his personality. which changes invariably.

Alexander the great Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alexander the great - Assignment Example Within his lifetime as king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great was the one person who was able to build and reign over among the greatest empires and kingdoms in the history of mankind. He was only a young man of when he inherited his father’s kingdom, yet he became greater than many of the kings and emperors combined. â€Å"Thus, at the age of twenty Alexander inherited the kingdom of Macedonia, beset as it was by great jealousy, bitter hatred, and dangers on every side. (Freeman 39) Although immediately faced with troubles from every aspect, he was able to, at a young age, rule his kingdom wisely, powerfully and effectively. The size of his empire is evidence enough to prove that Alexander indeed was a force of greatness and good, yet his character also provides proof of his genius, intelligence and powerful command over his subjects. He had the great capacity and skill to gather power and overthrow a much stronger force. This strength and intelligence was greatly influenced by the teachings of Aristotle that prepared him to become the great king that he was. â€Å"To those who lived to see Alexander in Asia, this event foreshadowed many occasions on which his independence, intelligence and courage brought triumph after triumph.† (Hammond 146) Aside from the massive empire that Alexander ruled before he even reached the age of 33, he was also the catalyst of the conglomeration of the Greek culture and the other cultures in other nations such as Persian, Indian, and Egyptian cultures. This conglomeration of different cultures is known as the Hellenistic culture. During the Hellenistic Period, there was an outpouring of developments in the arts including literature, sculpture, architecture, music, theater and stage play. It also encompassed advancements in science, astrology, cosmology and mathematics. This era also underwent a time of heterogeneity. In place of considering and

Tuition Fee Spikes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuition Fee Spikes - Essay Example However, because of the lack of initiatives of the Congress to control tuition fee spikes, students are forced not to assume to attain college degrees by simply thinking about the financial aid coming from the federal government and hoping for good luck. Students are forced to work hard if they don't have enough money to support themselves in college paying for high tuition fees, and realize they have the capability to act on it. After all, college education is an essential tool for attaining the needed ways of getting success in the future careers. College education truly aids an individual to attain success (Rye 4). Being successful in college implies having the need to obtain the critical tools and skills that will lead to earning a degree. However, the Congress simply cannot interfere as to how the tuition fees are being laid down among private and prestigious universities and colleges in the country. Normally, the tools essential in college success are enough knowledge, skills and proper mentality, all of which can be obtained by being a part-time worker and student. These tools can be successfully merged with college education. College education gives an individual with particular knowledge on the subject in which the individual wishes to do his part. College education allows an individual to obtain knowledge and skills to analyze data critical in the pursuit of success objectives and in making right choices. College education, through the various stages of learning, includes the development of proper attitudes or the establishment of the appropriate behavior to attain success. However, because bright but impoverished students cannot afford to pay high tuition fees of top colleges and universities, they are forced to become part-time workers / students. Part-time workers and students, because of their hard luck lives, are able to develop optimism towards their capabilities to attain their objectives from attaining information and skills to evaluate skills and deficiencies in attaining the objectives. Part-time workers and students learn to maximize strengths and to evaluate deficiencies in order that the o pportunity of attaining an objective in college grows (McPherson 6). The emergence of part-time workers / students all over the country is the direct result of the Congress' inability to control the tuition fee spikes. A part-time worker and student rarely would save up for unnecessary luxuries while still in college which include big apartments, luxury cars, jewelries and other expensive things (Wilkinson 5). Therefore, by instilling responsibility and discipline in these students because no one, not even the Congress, will help them pay for their tuition fees but themselves in whatever they want to attain in college is definitely a positive attitude to inculcate in their minds. By hard work and perseverance, part-time workers and students will be able to attain their particular goals and desires without having to rely on the financial aid of the federal governmen

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism Introduction This review discusses the motion of kinesin, a double headed motor protein. A study was conducted to determine which of two motion patterns is the one which describes the movement of this protein: the inchworm model, or the hand-over-hand model. What is Kinesin? Kinesin is a protein in a class of motor proteins which are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP – the molecule responsible for transporting chemical energy for metabolism [1]. Kinesin transports large cargo about cells by walking along microtubules, hydrolysing one molecule of ATP per step [2]. It has been proposed than the force of the protein binding to the microtubule propels the cargo along [3]. Kinesin moves to the â€Å"plus† end of the microtubule, meaning it transports the cargo from the centre to the edge of the cell [4]. There is evidence that some kinesins have a role in mitosis (cell division), by separating microtubules or depolymerising them [5]. The Models The inchworm model describes motion with one â€Å"arm† of the protein moving forward, followed by the other, with the first arm always in the lead. There are two types of inchworm motion, symmetric and asymmetric, which are shown in the image below. The symmetric model takes smaller steps, so only one arm moves at a time. Asymmetric motion takes a single step, at the middle of which both arms move. In the hand-over-hand model, alternating arms move forward over each other. In the symmetric case, the molecule rotates in the same direction every time, but in the asymmetric case the molecule rotates in alternating directions. These models are shown in the image below. Main Results The papers main result shows that the kinesin protein moves using an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. To reach this verdict, a variety of single molecule experiments were performed. They established that the individual kinesin dimers make discrete steps at random intervals along the microtubule, and may take as many as one hundred 8 nm steps before releasing. The movement is processive, meaning that the protein can make many consecutive steps without releasing the substrate (the molecule on which it acts – here, the microtubule). This motion exists even when external forces up to several pN are applied, which indicates part of the protein stays attached at all times. The active part of kinesin is composed of a dimer, with two identical heavy chains, each with a â€Å"head† attached to a common stalk. These chains join to a short â€Å"neck† composed of single polypeptide chains. The heavy chains are coiled round each other to allow the rotation necessary for the hand-over-hand model. This rotation is about the neck, but the motion of the heads turning would continue winding, summing until the heavy chains would join into a common stalk, preventing independent rotation. A study was conducted [6] showing that no significant rotation occurs of the stalk during the stepping motion. For a symmetric model, a large rotation (about 180 degrees) was expected in the hand-over-hand models. The basis for the definition of â€Å"symmetric† here was in three dimensions: the structure of the kinesin and microtubule must be identical at the start and end of each ATP hydrolytic cycle, except for the two heads having swapped places [6]. An example of this is simply the dimer rotating half a revolution about an axis perpendicular to the microtubule each step [7], hence the prediction for a rotation of 180 degrees. However this was ruled out, and an inchworm model was proposed. In this, only one of the heads is active in hydrolysis, but the possibility of an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion remained. This would mean that the head and neck move in such a way that the overall rotation of the stalk is suppressed, instead alternating between two distinct structures [8]. How They Were Obtained The step motion of individual native and recombinant (formed in the lab by combining genetic material from multiple sources) kinesin molecules was measured, using optical force-clamp apparatus. This technique uses light from a tightly focussed laser to trap small, polarisable particles in a potential well near the focal point [9]. It was found that the intrinsic stepping rates alternated between two different values for each step, meaning the molecules â€Å"limped†. The difference in steps implies there was an alternation in underlying molecular configurations, meaning the motion could not be fully symmetric (such as the inchworm and symmetric hand-over-hand motions should be). The discovery of the limp, along with other nano-mechanical properties, means the protein moves with an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion. Single molecules of kinesin were attached to microscopic beads, serving as markers for position and as handles for external forces. An optical trap was then used to capture the individual beads that diffused whilst carrying the kinesin, which were placed near the microtubules. This was while kinesin bound and moved. The motion was then tracked using nanometer level precision. A feedback-controlled force lamp was used to apply a constant backwards load during the motion, in order to reduce the Brownian fluctuations and improve the spatiotemporal resolution. It also allowed for the kinesin to move further, taking more steps, in order to show statistical significance. The Results A derivative of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin (DmK401) was shown to have an obvious limp, with large time differences in the steps despite the stochastic nature (and ensuing variability). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the average step times for both slow and fast steps. The durations of the steps were then calculated as Ï„slow = 136  ± 6 ms and Ï„fast = 24  ± 1 ms. The limp factor, L, can then be calculated as the ratio of the mean duration of the slow stepping time to the mean duration of the fast stepping time. The distribution showed significant limping for the majority of molecules, but there was wide variation in the results. 63% of records showed L > 4, and the average was L = 6.45  ± 0.31. Some motors took many runs and had consistently higher limp factors than others, but the distribution was broad and the populations could not be separated of limping and non-limping molecules. Other kinesin molecules, such as the native squid kinesin, showed almost no evidence of limping – the same calculations were applied as to DmK401, and the times were calculated to be Ï„slow = 90  ± 4 ms and Ï„fast = 54  ± 2 ms. The difference is much smaller than that for DmK401. The limp distribution was also found to be narrower, with the average limp factor being L = 2.23  ± 0.14, only slightly higher than the estimated value for a non-limping molecule, L ~ 1.8. The test was then done with kinesin derivates of Drosophila which had increasing stalk lengths. Longer stalks mean the motors are less likely to limp. The largest stalk tested was that of DmK871, and this had a limp factor of L = 2.16  ± 0.17, which was indistinguishable from native squid kinesin. There was also a correlation between an increasing limp factor (therefore shorter stalks) and an increase in characteristic lifetime of the slow step time, whereas the fast step remained invariant. This suggests the limping comes from one head alone, and the other is indifferent. A bacterial expression of a derivative of human kinesin (HsK413) also limped, with limp factor = 2.98  ± 0.25, much greater than the native squid kinesin, but still less than DmK401 and DmK448. Rarely, squid kinesin molecules seemed to limp, making outliers – some of which limped consistently. Discussion As both native and bacterially expressed dimers from different species can limp, this behaviour may be a result of a common mechanism describing how all kinesin molecules move. The alternation between short and long step times during limping reflects an alternation between the intrinsic rate (the rate with which the population increases) and the time it takes to leave each phase where neither head is moving. This implies the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex is different at the end of sequential steps. The mechanism describing the movement of kinesin must therefore be asymmetric, meaning the molecular configuration switches after each step. Symmetric mechanisms, by definition, cannot account for switching – inchworm models will not limp without additional (asymmetric) features, nor will symmetric hand-over-hand models. The detail of how kinesin motors move is not well known or understood, so we cannot look at how limping could relate to the structure of the motion, but there are some suggestions based on the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. Limping could be caused by misalignment of the stalk coils, meaning the necks would be different lengths, hence the head with a shorter neck would need extra time to find the next binding site using a diffusional search and overall slowing the kinetics. Another option is that there could be over- or under-winding of the coils from hand-over-hand motion, causing torsional asymmetry. The energy required to coil or uncoil the stalk would be reduced, changing the equilibrium and the rate with which the head moves forward. Whilst there is no immediate explanation for the effect whereby the shorter stalks result in longer slow stepping times, it may be incorporated into later studies with further assumptions. However, these experiments have shown that more approaches are needed for single-molecule experiments to answer these questions. Despite the exact mechanism not being known, the experiments do show that the kinesin motors limp, and making the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism the most likely. Why is this Significant? This is a breakthrough in the field, as more detail can now be found on how biological motors move. By establishing how kinesin moves, other motors can be analysed to find their mechanisms for movement, and this helps to further our understanding of biology. The same experiment can be done with other proteins, or more experiments can be done with kinesin to better understand certain factors – for example, why the slow stepping times correlate to shorter stalks, or why limping appears to come from one head only. What Other Work has Been Done? Whilst many similar experiments have been conducted, this has improved the knowledge of kinesins movement by showing that the inchworm model does not apply. It has opened up avenues for either looking deeper into kinesins movement, or for finding the mechanisms for other motors. The experimental method used was also new, and was different from the previous study by Hua, Chung and Gelles [6], which was researching something similar. Hua, Chung and Gelles looked at the rotations in the movement of kinesin, with the null hypothesis of a symmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. This was done by immobilizing a derivative of Drosophila, and measuring the different orientations of the microtubules as it moved. Their findings were consistent with the inchworm model, which is why it was proposed initially. Conclusion The kinesin mechanism is now better understood than before, with more information gained in explaining the mechanism. This has presented more factors for consideration and created new questions to answer: the opportunity for further research is huge. Future experiments could consider different proteins movements, or look deeper into the kinesin mechanism. The discovery is significant as it has not only given more insight into biological motors, but revealed ample possibilities for more experiments in the field. Acknowledgement This review was written primarily based on the work of â€Å"Asbury, C L et al. 2003. Kinesin Moes by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism. Science. 302(2130).†, with all numerical values and the majority of content based on the paper, unless otherwise stated. References [1] Knowles, JR. 1980. Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions. Annual Revue of Biochemistry. 49, pp.877–919. [2] Schnitzer MJ. 1997. Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step. Nature. 388(6640), pp.386–390. [3] Mather, WH and Fox RF. 2006. Kinesins biased stepping mechanism: amplification of neck linker zippering. Biophysical Journal. 91(7), pp.2416–26. [4] Ambrose, JC, et al. 2005. A minus-end-directed kinesin with plus-end tracking protein activity is involved in spindle morphogenesis. Molecular Biology of the Cell . 16(4) pp.1584–92. [5] Goshima, G and Vale, RD. 2005. Cell cycle-dependent dynamics and regulation of mitotic kinesins in Drosophila S2 cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 16(8) pp.3896–907. [6] Hua, W, Chung J, and Gelles, J. 2002. Science. 295, p.844. [7] Howard, J. 1996. Annual Revue of Physiology. 58, p.703. [8] Hoenger, A et al. 2000. Journal of Molecular Biology. 297, p.1087. [9] Greenleaf, W J et al 2005. Physical Revue Letters. 95, 208102.

The Evils of Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay example -- Literary

The Evils of Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is inspired by the events that occurred during Harper Lee’s childhood. The setting in her novel is an allusion to her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama around the time of the Scottsboro Boys Trials. In this novel, Lee illustrates the evils of racism to communicate the theme that everyone should be treated equally, not by the color of the person’s skin. In the case with Tom Robinson, Lee demonstrates â€Å"that southern justice for blacks was different from southern justice for whites† (May 4). Tom is convicted of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. Throughout the trial, there is evidence to support Tom’s innocence, but because he is black, he is convicted anyway. This is a historical allusion to the trials that occurred in and around Scottsboro, Alabama, where nine black men were accused of raping two white women. Retrials occurred and, even with lack of proper evidence, all nine were convicted because of their skin color. Scout has to face â€Å"the realities of southern society within the same age span that Harper Lee faced Scottsboro† (May 4). Ama Lee, Harper Lee’s father, was a man of honor that was related to the famous soldier Robert E. Lee, and likely pushed the attitudes of family pride and the cruelty of southern prejudice on to Harper. Lee demonstrates the teachings that Atticus gave Scout and Jem as a reference to the teachings that Lee’s father told Harper as a child. As Lee was growing up, she learned of the trials that were occurring, and realized that it was unfair that the black men were convicted of a crime that had little, if any, evidence. To a child, a mother or father is ‘all-knowing’ and therefore ask their parent(s) about anything that they do no... ...February 2012 Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1960. Print. May, Jill. "In Defense of To Kill a Mockingbird."EXPLORING Novels. Detroit: Gale Power Search. Web. 14 February 2012 Smykowski, Adam. â€Å"Symbolism and Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird.† Readings on To Kill a Mockingbird. Ed.Terry O’Neill. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 52-56. Literature Resource Center. Web. 8 February 2012 Tavernier-Courbin, Jacquelin. â€Å"Humor and Humanity in To Kill a Mockingbird.† On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections. Ed.Alice Hall Petry. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee. Literature Research Center. Web.10 February 2012 Zaidman, Laura M. "Harper Lee: Overview." Twentieth-Century Young Adult Writers. Ed. Laura Standley Berger. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. Twentieth-Century Writers Series. Literature Resource Center. Web. 13 February 2012

Fire Station Case Study Research Essay

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research study would not be possible without the help of these people in making this research a success. The researchers family and parents who supported them emotionally and financially throughout since day one until the research is completed. For showing their unfailing support, for understanding the researchers and for believing in their skills and capabilities. The researchers would also like to thank the graduate library and electronic library of Far Eastern University for allowing them to use their materials and resources such as books, thesis projects and computers that really helped the researchers for their case study. The researchers would also like to thank their professor Architect Toni Nardo who helped them throughout this whole study, for being a considerate and kind hearted professor who is always there for her students, to support and check on their improvements and for always sharing her opinion and life experiences about this certain topic which makes the researchers eager to fulfil this research. The researchers would also like to thank their friends who were also there to support, give advices and information that really helped the group. They never fail to cheer them up and show their outmost support especially in bad times. Last but not the least, to our Almighty Father God, who created and brought life in this world, who created all things beautiful, who will forever be the reason of our existence, a supportive friend, a loving father, a God who guide, love and support us no matter what we’re going through, for giving us strength and blessing of intelligence for us to use in this research, for helping the researchers make this research a success. The researchers would like to dedicate this study to their family, most especially to their parents who have given them full support in this case study research. May the almighty God bless them for their kind heart and loving gesture that is very much appreciated by the researchers. ABSTRACT We all know that a fire station is a structure with areas set aside for storage of fire fighting apparatus such as fire engines and related vehicles, personal protective equipment, fire hoses and other specialized equipment. It may also have dormitory living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are sometimes arranged above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, fire fighters may have special means to allow entry to the ground floor quickly when a call for help is received, such as sliding down a brass pole called a fireman’s pole. This arrangement also allows for a raised area to hang hoses to dry to prevent damage. In a single story station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose hanging. An occupied station will usually have a station alarm system for receiving and annunciating an alarm, and indications of where and what caused the alarm. However, sometimes the only â€Å"alarm† is a telephone that is rung in case of emergency. In a more structured operation, full-time or on-call volunteer or career fire fighters staff the station some or all of the time. There may be office space for the officers, a library of reference and other materials, and a â€Å"trophy wall† or case where the fire fighters display memorabilia. Activities in a fire station include regular inspection and cleaning of the apparatus and equipment, and continuing education in the fire service. Weekly or bi-weekly routine typically includes various drills in which fire fighters practice their skills. Some fire companies also host public activities at the fire station during annual â€Å"fire prevention week† In our case, we will be designing a first class fire station which means, this fire station will contain all of the necessary equipment and apparatus. Also, it will contain all of the necessary and additional space areas such  as recreational area, different offices, living, dining and kitchen areas, library, training area, etc. We are planning to design a fire station that has modern aesthetics that will give a positive impression to us as the designers. Good function of our space program is also what we’re striving, for which this is a fire station, and it needs great planning of spaces mostly in case of emergencies and easy access of the fire trucks to the outside. We are really striving to design an image that would automatically determine that our structure is considered as first class. We will implement in our design the usage of glass which implies modern era and it will help the staff inside the building to be aware on their surroundings outside. PART I: OCULAR INSPECTION Summary of Findings After searching for good fire stations around Metro Manila, we decided to go to these three fire stations: Makati, Intramuros and San Lazaro City. We took pictures of ourselves at the faà §ade of each fire station as soon as we arrived there. First, went to Makati City fire station. As soon as we arrived, the area was filled with citizens of Makati because the area was used as substitute place where the people will register for voting, so it wasn’t the perfect timing but we still continued to go on with our ocular inspection despite the crowd. Makati Central Fire Station was huge. The area is given big amount of spaces for the apparatus bay. We also noticed that the alignment of the apparatus bay was diagonal for more convenience and easy way out. Before we entered the fire station for inquiries and interviews, we went to measure the height, length and width of the different fire trucks such as the ladder fire trucks and the usual fire trucks to have an idea on what is their standard measurements. We also measured the emergency ambulance vehicles and the whole space area allotted for their apparatus bay. We observed and analysed the whole fire station including on how the spaces of different areas are divided and used. After that, we already went inside to have an interview with whoever officer is  available and appropriate for our questioning. Luckily, the city fire marshal was available. The city fire marshal of Makati is Supt. Ricardo C. Perdigon, he is very kind and welcoming. First, he answered each of our questions very precisely with an open mind and a lot of examples to broaden our perspectives and ideas in that field. He showed examples and different brochures from different countries about the modern fire stations that are designed and used these days. He explained and discussed different techniques and required spaces to use in a fire station. He showed different photos of fire stations that is very interesting and it really helped us to design more functional and competitive fire station, since we’re going to design a first class fire station. After that, he showed to us where the different fire stations are divided throughout the entire city. He showed us a huge map and explained it very well. He taught us where each fire stations should be in a city. After that we had a film showing about actual fire fighting and on how the different fire fighting equipment are used in actual emergency fire cases. It also showed there the different modern equipment and tools used by the fire fighters. After the interview, we requested to have a picture taking with the fire marshal and he openly accepted. But the learning doesn’t stop there. We asked the fire marshal if we can see the actual area where the fire fighters stay and do in cases of fire emergencies. He assigned one of his officers to escort us in the field. He showed us the rooms where the fire fighters spend their time, sleep, etc. He also showed us the poles where the fire fighters easily go through. After going to Makati City Central Fire Station, we proceeded to Intramuros Fire Station. The fire station at Intamuros is a little smaller compared to Makati. When we arrived at Intramuros, we couldn’t resist the beauty of the place and its historical ambiance so we took a little time to cherish and take pictures. When we arrived at the fire station of Intramuros, we took pictures of the space area and apparatus bay. It seems to have three slots for the openings of the fire trucks and vehicles. It also seems that the area was a little crowded in the exit way of the trucks, so we had an idea about designing proper exit ways to use without being crowded. When we entered the fire station, an officer is at the reception area and we asked permission to take pictures and to analyse the area. No fire marshal was available at that time we arrived, so we asked for an  interview with the higher position that was available and the Senior Fire Officer IV was the one who assisted us and fulfilled our interview. He is SFO-IV Oscar Bugarin. As what we have done at Makati, we also first did measuring of the entrance/exit way of apparatus bay, fire trucks and poles. After that, we started with the interview with Senior Fire Officer IV Oscar Bugarin. We asked the common questions just like what we asked with the other fire stations, and almost the same answer was given to us. But in this fire station, we were given different examples and experiences that the Makati City Central Fire Station wasn’t able to taught us. The Senior Fire Officer IV personally demonstrated to us how the fire fighting outfit is prepared and easily worn by the fire fighters in case of emergencies. He explained and shown us how to tuck in together all of the outfit, the suit with the boots. He took the actual outfits and demonstrated to us one by one. It was really fun and amazing that it was so easy to wear. But the fun didn’t ended there, we were offered to wear the actual gears ourselves! Who wouldn’t wear that awesome outfit? So there we are, wearing the outfits very happy and sophisticated. After all of the interviews and demonstrations, we had our little goodbyes and thank you and went out to proceed and go on to the next fire station, but we still can’t resist the beauty of Intramuros so we took a little more time to take pictures on our way to the next fire station which is located at San Lazaro City. It didn’t took time to go to San Lazaro City which we we’re only at Intramuros which is not that far. We arrived at San Lazaro City for about 30—40 minutes. As we arrived t San Lazaro City Fire Station, we took pictures of the fassad, as usual. San Lazaro Fire Staton seems to be the same amount of space area with Intramuros, so Makati City Central Fire Station seems to have the biggest or widest space area among the three fire stations we went to. As usual, we did some measuring with the space area of the fire station, the apparatus bay entrance/exit which seems to have only 2 slots in San Lazaro City Fire Station. We also did measured the fire trucks and other vehicles. But what really amazed us in San Lazaro City Fire Station is the historical fire trucks that were displayed in there. It was so amazing and mesmerizing to think that the fire trucks before were very open with old vehicle parts, so we didn’t miss a chance to take pictures with them. After that, we proceed to have an interview with the highest officer available at the time, and it was Senior Fire Officer IV Manolito Laroza. This interview took the most time compared with the other two interviews we did because a lot of facts and requirements was given to us by SFO IV Manolita Laroza. He gave us the spaces we can add in a first class fire station such as bigger training grounds, helicopters, recreational areas, and so on. A lot of facts were given to us, also the standard personnel required in a fire station, office areas such as the duputy’s, sub station commander, radio division operator, etc. they also showed us the fire preventive man size tarpaulin that they will implement around their city. Senior Fire Officer IV Manolito Laroza was very kind and open to us. After this interview, we had our goodbyes and thank you with him and his officers and went out to go home because it was already a little late and dark outside. PART II: RESEARCH STUDY Chapter 1: Introduction A. Background of the Problem Historical Fire fighting was implemented long time ago during our roman and greek era. The history of fire fighting began in ancient Rome while under the role of Agustus. Prior to that, there is evidence of fire-fighting machinery in used in Ancient Egypt, including a water pump invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria in the third century BC which was later improved upon in a design by Hero Of Alexandria in the first century BC. The first Roman fire brigade of which we have any substantial history was created by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Marcus Licinius Crassus was born into a wealthy Roman family around the year 115 BC, and acquired an enormous fortune through (in the words of Plutarch) â€Å"fire and rapine.† One of his most lucrative schemes took advantage of the fact that Rome had no fire department. Crassus filled this void by creating his own brigade—500 men strong—which rushed to burning buildings at the first cry of alarm. Upon arriving at the scene, however, the fire fi ghters did nothing while their employer bargained over the price of their services with the distressed property owner. If Crassus could not negotiate a satisfactory price, his men simply let the structure burn to the ground, after which he offered to purchase it for a fraction of its value. Augustus took the basic idea from Crassus and then built on it to form the Vigiles in AD 6 to combat fires using bucket brigades and pumps, as well as poles, hooks and even ballistae to tear down buildings in advance of the flames. The Vigiles patrolled the streets of Rome to watch for fires and served as a police force. The later brigades consisted of hundreds of men, all ready for action. When there was a fire, the men would line up to the nearest water source and pass buckets hand in hand to the fire. Rome suffered a number of serious fires, most notably the fire on 19 July AD 64 and eventually destroyed two thirds of Rome. In Europe, fire fighting was quite rudimentary until the 17th century. In 1254, a royal decree of King Saint Louis of France created the so-called guet bourgeois (â€Å"burg ess watch†), allowing the residents of Paris to establish their own night watches, separate from the king’s night watches, to prevent and stop crimes and fires. After the Hundred Years’ War, the population of Paris expanded again, and the city, much larger than any other city in Europe at the time, was the scene of several great fires in the 16th century. As a consequence, King Charles IX disbanded the residents’ night watches and left the king’s watches as the only one responsible for checking crimes and fires. London suffered great fires in 798, 982, 989, 1212 and above all in 1666 (Great Fire of London). The Great Fire of 1666 started in a baker’s shop on Pudding Lane, consumed about two square miles (5 km ²) of the city, leaving tens of thousands homeless. Prior to this fire, London had no organized fire protection system. Afterwards, insurance companies formed private fire brigades to protect their clients’ property. Insurance b rigades would only fight fires at buildings the company insured. These buildings were identified by fire insurance marks. The key breakthrough in fire fighting arrived in the 17th century with the first fire engines. Manual pumps, rediscovered in Europe after 1500 (allegedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and in Nuremberg in 1657), were only force pumps and had a very short range due to the lack of hoses. German inventor Hans Hautsch improved the manual pump by creating the first suction and force pump and adding some flexible hoses to the pump. In 1672, Dutch artist, and inventor Jan Van der Heyden’s workshop developed the fire hose. Constructed of flexible leather and coupled every 50 feet (15 m) with brass fittings. The length remains the standard to this day in mainland Europe whilst in the UK the standard length is either 23m or 25m. The fire engine was further developed by the Dutch inventor, merchant and manufacturer, John Lofting (1659–1742) who had worked with Jan Van der Heyden in Amsterdam. Lofting moved to London in or about 1688, became an English citizen and patented (patent number 263/1690) the â€Å"Sucking Worm Engine† in 1690. There was a glowing description of the fire fighting ability of his device in The London Gazette of 17 March 1691, after the issue of the patent. The British Museum has a print showing Lofting’s fire engine at work in London, the engine being pumped by a team of men. In the print three fire plaques of early insurance companies are shown, no doubt indicating that Lofting collaborated with them in fire fighting. A later version of what is b elieved to be one of his fire engines has been lovingly restored by a retired fire fighter, and is on show in Marlow Buckinghamshire where John Lofting moved in 1700. Patents only lasted for fourteen years and so the field was open for his competitors after 1704. In 1631 Boston’s governor John Winthrop outlawed wooden chimneys and thatched roofs. In 1648, the New Amsterdam governor Peter Stuyvesant appointed four men to act as fire wardens. They were empowered to inspect all chimneys and to fine any violators of the rules. The city burghers later appointed eight prominent citizens to the â€Å"Rattle Watch† – these men volunteered to patrol the streets at night carrying large wooden rattles If a fire was seen, the men spun the rattles, then directed the responding citizens to form bucket brigades. On January 27, 1678 the first fire engine company went into service with its captain (foreman) Thomas Atkins. In 1736 Benjamin Franklin established the Union Fire Comp any in Philadelphia. George Washington was a volunteer fire fighter in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1774, as a member of the Friendship Veterans Fire Engine Company, he bought a new fire engine and gave it to the town, which was its very first. However the United States did not have government-run fire departments until around the time of the American Civil War. Prior to this time, private fire brigades compete with one another to be the first to respond to a fire because insurance companies paid brigades to save buildings. Underwriters also employed their own Salvage Corpsin some cities. The first known female fire fighter Molly Williams took her place with the men on the dragropes during the blizzard of 1818 and pulled the pumper to the fire through the deep snow. On April 1st of 1853 Cincinnati OH became the first professional fire department by being made up of 100% full-time, paid employees. In 2010, 70 percent of fire fighters in the United States were volunteer. Only 5% of calls were actual fires. 65% were medical aid. 8% were false alarms. The first fire brigades in the modern sense were created in France in the early 18th century. In 1699, a man with bold commercial ideas, Franà §ois du Mouriez du Pà ©rier (grandfather of French Revolution’s general Charles Franà §ois Dumouriez), solicited an audience with King Louis XIV. Greatly interested in Jan Van der Heyden’s invention, he successfully demonstrated the new pumps and managed to convince the king to grant him the monopoly of making and selling â€Å"fire-preventing portable pumps† throughout the kingdom of France. Franà §ois du Mouriez du Pà ©rier offered 12 pumps to the City of Paris, and the first Paris Fire Brigade, known as the Compagnie des gardes-pompes (literally the â€Å"Company of Pump Guards†), was created in 1716. Franà §ois du Mouriez du Pà ©rier was appointed direct eur des pompes de la Ville de Paris (â€Å"director of the City of Paris’s pumps†), i.e. chief of the Paris Fire Brigade, and the position stayed in his family until 1760. In the following years, other fire brigades were created in the large French cities. It is around that time that appeared the current French word pompier (â€Å"fire fighter†), whose literal meaning is â€Å"pumper†. On March 11, 1733 the French government decided that the interventions of the fire brigades would be free of charge. This was decided because people always waited until the last moment to call the fire brigades to avoid paying the fee, and it was often too late to stop fires. From 1750 on, the French fire brigades became para-military units and received uniforms. In 1756 the use of a protective helmet for fire fighters was recommended by King Louis XV, but it took many more years before the measure was actually enforced on the ground. In North America, Jamestown, Virginia w as virtually destroyed in a fire in January, 1608. There were no full-time paid fire fighters in America until 1850. Even after the formation of paid fire companies in the United States, there were disagreements and often fights over territory. New York City companies were famous for sending runners out to fires with a large barrel to cover the hydrant closest to the fire in advance of the engines. Often fights would break out between the runners and even the responding fire companies for the right to fight the fire and receive the insurance money that would be paid to the company that fought it. Interestingly, during the 19th century and early 20th century volunteer fire companies served not only as fire protection but as political machines. The most famous volunteer fire fighter politician is Boss Tweed, head of the notorious Tammany Hall political machine, who got his start in politics as a member of the Americus Engine Company Number 6 (â€Å"The Big Six†) in New York City. Napoleon Bonaparte, drawing from the century-old experience of the gardes-pompes, is generally attributed as creating the first â€Å"professional† fire fighters, known as Sapeurs-Pompiers (â€Å"Sappers-Fire fighters†), from the French Army. Created under the Commandant of Engineers in 1810, the company was o rganized after a fire at the ballroom in the Austrian Embassy in Paris which injured several dignitaries. In the UK, the Great Fire of London in 1666 set in motion changes which laid the foundations for organised fire fighting in the future. In the wake of the Great Fire, the City Council established the first fire insurance company, â€Å"The Fire Office†, in 1667, which employed small teams of Thames watermen as fire fighters and provided them with uniforms and arm badges showing the company to which they belonged. However, the first organised municipal fire brigade in the world was established in Edinburgh, Scotland, when the Edinburgh Fire Engine Establishment was formed in 1824, led by James Braidwood. London followed in 1832 with the London Fire Engine Establishment. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first full-time paid professional fire department in the United States, and the first in the world to use steam fire engines. The first horse-draw n steam engine for fighting fires was invented in 1829, but not accepted in structural fire fighting until 1860, and ignored for another two years afterwards. Internal combustion engine fire engines arrived in 1907, built in the United States, leading to the decline and disappearance of steam engines by 1925. Today, fire and rescue remains a mix of full-time paid, paid-on-call, and volunteer responders. Many but not all urban areas are served by large, paid, fire fighting teams. Etymological Fire From Middle English fier, from Old English fÈ ³r (â€Å"fire†), from *fuà ¯r, a regularised form of Proto-Germanic *fÃ… r (â€Å"fire†) (compare Saterland Frisian Fjuur, West Frisian fjoer, Dutch vuur, Low German Fà ¼r, German Feuer, Danish fyr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pà ©hâ‚‚ur (compare Hittite (paá ¸ «Ã¡ ¸ «ur), Umbrian pir, Tocharian A/B por/puwar, Czech pÈ ³Ã…â„¢ (â€Å"hot ashes†), Ancient Greek Ï€á ¿ ¦Ã  (pÃ… ·r, â€Å"fire†), Armenian Õ °Ã• ¸Ã–‚Ö€ (hur, â€Å"fire†)) and perhaps Albanian prush (â€Å"embers†). This was an inanimate noun whose animate counterpart was Proto-Indo-European *hâ‚ ngÊ ·nis, *hâ‚ ngÊ ·ni-. Old English fyr, from Proto-Germanic *fuir (cf. Old Saxon and Old Frisian fiur, Old Norse fà ¼rr, Middle Dutch and Dutch vuur, Old High German fiur, German Feuer), from PIE*perjos, from root *paewr- (cf. Armenian hur â€Å"fire, torch,† Czech pyr â€Å"hot ashes,† Greek pyr, Umbrian pir, Sanskrit pu, Hittite pahhur â€Å"fire†). Current spelling is attested as early as 1200, but did not fully displace Middle English fier (preserved in fiery) until c.1600. PIE apparently had two roots for fire: *paewr- and *egni- (cf. Latin ignis). The former was â€Å"inanimate,† referring to fire as a substance, and the latter was â€Å"animate,† referring to it as a living force (see water). Fire applied in English to passions, feelings, from mid-14c. Meaning â€Å"action of guns, etc.† is from 1580s. Firecracker is American English coinage for what is in England just cracker, but the U.S. word distinguishes it from the word meaning â€Å"biscuit.† Fire-engine attested from 1680s. The figurative expression play with fire â€Å"risk disaster† is from 1887; phrasewhere’s the fire? â€Å"what’s the hurry?† first recorded 1924. Station late 13c., â€Å"place which one normally occupies,† from Old French station, from Latin stationem (nominative statio) â€Å"a standing, post, job, position,† related to stare â€Å"to stand,† from PIE root *sta- â€Å"to stand† (see stet). The meaning â€Å"place for a special purpose† (e.g. polling station) is first recorded 1823; radio station is from 1912. The meaning â€Å"regular stopping place† is first recorded 1797, in reference to coach routes; applied to railroads 1830. Meaning â€Å"each of a number of holy places visited in succession by pilgrims† is from late 14c., hence Station of the Cross(1550s). Station wagon in the automobile sense is first recorded 1929, from earlier use for a horse-drawn conveyance that took passengers to and from railroad stations (1894). Station house â€Å"police station† is attested from 1836. B. Statement of the Study The following study aims to answer these questions: 1. What design, materials and ideas contains in a first class fire station? 2. Why does first class fire stations are implemented and preferred nowadays? 3. What to expect in a first class fire station? C. Significance of the Study The following would benefit from this study: This study aims to know what design, materials and ideas contains in a first class fire station, why does first class fire stations are implemented and preferred nowadays and what to expect in a first class fire station. This study would be really helpful in terms of guidelines in constructing and designing first class fire stations. To those who are planning to construct or to design a first class fire stations to know what to implement and to use, to have a smart space planning or programming and to have a satisfying way of life for their fire fighters and company. To the government, for which this study will serve as a great guidelines in designing and constructing a first class fire station for their country or city, having many facts and ideas in this study. D. Definition of Terms The following terms have been defined operationally for the understanding of this research. 1. First Class – Constituting or belonging to the highest or best class or quality, best-equipped and most expensive. 2. Fire Station – a building where fire-fighting vehicles and equipment are stationed and where fire fighters on duty wait Also called as firehouse station house. 3. Municipality – a city, town, or district enjoying some degree of local self-government. 4. Fire Fighters – a member of a fire department who tries to extinguish fires. 5. Fire Trucks – any of various large trucks that carry firemen and equipment to the site of a fire. 6. Apparatus Bay – is primarily the parking space of the fire trucks and vehicles in a fire station. 7. Sliding Poles – also known as fireman’s pole is a wooden pole or a metal tube or pipe installed between floors in fire stations, allowing fire fighters responding to an alarm to quickly descend to the ground floor faster than by using a standard staircase. E. Conceptual Framework of t he Problem The conceptual diagram shows and explain the following factors affecting the implementation of first class fire stations and its results brought out by the following factors. When first class fire stations are implemented and constructed, better services will be offered by the fire fighters because of their better equipment and things to use in a fire emergencies. Also, a better way of life for them because their fire station is transformed into a habitable space to stay in for a long period of time, having that comfort of home and more spaces for training grounds, recreational areas for entertainment, better dormitories, etc. With all of these factors, the impact will be positively great for our society, having more inspired and dedicated fire fighters and their team to give better services and thus will make our society a safer and a better place. This design guide provides the basic criteria to evaluate, plan, program. and design standardized Air Force fire station facilities for the United States Air Force. This information is intended to make wing commanders, base civil engineers, fire chiefs, and designers aware of the unique functional design requirements for the facilities, and to provide a basis for developing main and satellite fire station projects. The upgrade and renovation of existing fire stations and the proper planning., programming, and design of new facilities will ensure the safety of all personnel and support our vision: â€Å"To Defend the United States Through Control and Exploitation of Air and Space. The number and location of fire stations must be reevaluated periodically, but at least annually, as a community’s structures and population change. The number of stations a department should have depends, like everything else, on a balance between the costs of the stations and their maintenance, on the one hand, and the need for more stations, on the other. If a station is located near the high-response section of a community (such as a heavily populated area of multiple-occupancy or wood-frame structures) that location will probably be appropriate. Station relocation is necessary over time if the types of hazards and the locations of most fires move to a significant distance from the station. This is an impor tant consideration for selecting a new site for a fire station. If a department finds that relocation or construction of a new fire station is necessary, the three issues to consider are location, station design, and funding. Location: The location of a station in a community directly affects the total response time needed to combat fires effectively. For example, although a fire station is centrally located in a community, the majority of the responses might be at substantial distances from the station. Therefore, an evaluation of the time from receipt of an alarm to the arrival at a fire plays an important part in determining the need for relocating a fire station. The total time is the sum of the time it takes to complete each of the following five fire-fighting processes: 1. Detection: The time it takes to detect a fire. Automatic fire detection systems, such as smoke and heat detectors, give early warnings of fire and save considerable response time. Some detectors are connecte d directly to a fire station through a central station signaling system, whereas others sound only in the building in which there is a danger. In the latter case, detection time depends on human response and then on the number of people who are in the vicinity of the fire, how rapidly they respond, and the time of day. 2. Alarm: The time that elapses between detection of the fire and transmission of the alarm to the fire station. It depends on the availability of alarm boxes, directly connected alarms, telephones, the extent of automation, reliability, and the speed of transmission. 3. Dispatch: The time required to alert responding companies. If information is recorded automatically and if dispatchers have the most modern communication equipment, the time needed for dispatch is minimal. 4. Turnout: The speed with which personnel—paid, off-duty, and volunteers—can report for duty. Turnout depends on the location of the personnel at the time of the alarm, whether at the station, at work, or in their homes. 5. Response time: The travel time for the apparatus and on-duty personnel from the station to the fire. It depends on the distance from the station to the emergency and on the topographic, traffic, and weather conditions. When traffic is particularly heavy, the police department might be needed to aid in traveling to the fire and in beginning evacuation. Each of these issues must be consciously considered as you work towards a decision on how and where to build a new fire station. I will have more on this critical topic in an upcoming post. F. Theoretical Framework of the Problem When a fire occurs, the fire fighting services implemented by a fire department is one of the most important aids for the fire victims. So that is why we need the outmost services offered by the fire fighters, marshals and officers. This means that we cannot change the fact that when it comes to fire emergencies, the fire fighters and officers are the ones who will help us the most, so we need their services. The services that they offer us can be a lot better with this implementation of first class fire station for the reasons, they having more modern and better equipment to use in fire emergencies, more advanced vehicles and gadgets. They also have better experience and alertness when it comes to this kind of circumstances because of the better training grounds in their very own first class fire stations. Not only the services of our fire fighters and fire marshals are upgraded, also their way of living. The environment of a first class fire station captures the aura of their own homes, having the comfort and safety because of well planned space programming, modern materials used in the construction and breath taking designs. The economy, competition and a changing business environment require companies to diversify, change their business plans and adapt. Television networks change their programming to compete with each other, cable channels and the internet for decreasing market share. The fire service has evolved far past having fire buckets outside each home to concepts never before envisioned. Boston Fire Chief John Damrell helped drive this evolution in 1866 when he warned about the dangers of fire, the lack of compatible fire hydrants, water supply issues and the need for building and fire codes. Phoenix Fire Chief Alan Brunacini did it with fire command and customer service. Fire departments have done it with regulations requiring smoke detectors, carbon-monoxide detectors and commercial and residential sprinklers. Many concepts have come from need as the traditional fire suppression department has evolved into the more-accurate emergency services. Other concepts have been forced upon us: lightweig ht construction, weapons of mass destruction and active-shooter incidents. New concepts and practices in the fire service have come about from the economic need to offset budget cuts while maintaining levels of service. These include alternate revenue sources from private-public partnerships such as Adopt-A-Fire Station programs, interfacility transports, even ads on fire apparatus. The fire department’s jurisdiction is organized by the governmental body that controls the department, although there are private fire departments as well. This comes from a municipality, county, prefecture, state, province, or nation type of government. The most common type of government control is at the municipality level. The jurisdiction size and organization would be set up by department or the government in charge of these duties. This deals with the placement of fire stations, equipment, and personnel within the area of control. Fire departments periodically survey their jurisdiction areas and use the data for redeploying proper coverage. This data comes from travel time, range from station, and/or a population survey. This brings equal service to the entire community and gives the department efficient places to launch operations. Some fire departments such as the Statue Of Liberty Fire Brigade which covers Liberty Island and Ellis Islands respond to medical emergencies and provide care until advanced personnel can take over. In the United States, firefighters may get their First Responder Certification, Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) License, or Paramedic License. Some fire departments even offer ambulance services. A fire department may also provide â€Å"fire protection† or fire prevention services, whereby firefighters visit homes and give fire safety advice and fit smoke alarms for members of the public. In many countries fire protection or prevention is seen as an important role for the fire service, as preventing a fire from occurring in the first place can obviously save lives. Chapter 2: Discussion and Analysis A. Local Related Study on: Metro Manila – Oldtimers of Makati’s Fire Station Do you like oldtimers or have a kid that is crazy about fire trucks? Then you should pay the Makati Central Fire Station a visit. The fire station possesses a collection of older but beautiful and seemingly well-maintained vehicles from past decades. The fire station is not secluded from the street and passer-by can have a close look at the ambulance and deep-red fire engines. As elsewhere in the Philippines, the municipal budget does not often seem to allow the purchase of expansive state-of-the-art rescue equipment. Concerns were already raised that the fire brigades in Metro Manila are not really prepared for fighting fires in the ever-growing condominiums throughout the megacity. However, the local government of Makati recently agreed to buy more search and rescue equipment and disaster preparedness tools, among them a chemical fire truck with foam. Three people were hurt when two fires broke out in Makati City Thursday morning, one near the Makati Medical Center, authorities sai d. The city’s fire department said the first fire started at around 10 a.m. in a slum colony at the corner of Ayala and Gil Puyat avenues in Barangay Pio Del Pilar, about 30 steps away from the MMC’s emergency department on Amorsolo Street. Makati Mayor Jejomar Erwin Binay Jr. said the fire was put under control at 11:30 a.m. after reaching the general alarm, which required the assistance of all available fire fighting units in Metro Manila. Binay said the fire officials refrained from ordering the evacuation of the hospital as the blaze was quickly contained by responding firefighters. Some firefighters, on the other hand, were seen spraying water on MMC’s faà §ade to prevent it from being set ablaze in case the wind blows the fire towards it. About 300 families who lost their homes blocked Urban Avenue and Dela Rosa Streets with whatever meager belongings they managed to save, causing gridlock. Each displaced family will receive P15,000 in assistance and P5,000 for renters, according to Binay. Prior to the inception of 117, emergency services were reached through a myriad of telephone numbers. The fire department in Manila, for example, had fifty telephone numbers, one for every fire station in the city.[2] At the time, 117 was solely used in the Metro Manila area by the Philippine National Police for the reporting of ongoing crimes as part of a program called the â€Å"Patrol 117 Street Patrol Program† in cooperation with the Foundation for Crime Prevention.[1] Efforts to expand the capabilities of 117 began in the 1990s, starting with the addition of e mergency medical services to the scope of 117 in Metro Manila through a private-sector initiative called Project EARnet (Emergency Assistance and Response network). Government involvement in the expansion of 117’s scope began in late 1998, when the DILG announced the formation of Emergency Network Philippines, a project that sought to support a national emergency telephone number in order to enable the faster delivery of emergency services to the Filipino people. On August 8, 2001, a memorandum of agreement was signed between the DILG and Frequentis, an Austrian company specializing in communications and information solutions in safety-critical environments, on the implementation of the ENP project.[4] The National Economic and Development Authority approved the project later in the year, and project funding was secured with a loan agreement being signed between the Philippine and Austrian governments on December 6. By virtue of Executive Order No. 226, 117 became the officia l national emergency telephone number of the Philippines on July 14, 2003. The P1.4 billion project was completed on August 2, 2003, with the opening of a new 117 call center in Quezon City, serving the entire Metro Manila area. Four more 117 call centers were opened in 2006, and the full 117 network, consisting of sixteen networked call centers, was rolled out in 2007. http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/07/12/two-fires-hit-makati/ B. Foreign Related Study on: New fire station in Andersonville, community effort The Andersonville Volunteer Fire Department celebrated a long-awaited new addition this afternoon. The department celebrated the opening of its third fire station, located in the Belmont community. The new station is located at the site of the former Belmont School, which was destroyed by fire in the 1960’s. The fire station only cost about $22 dollars a square foot, instead of $80, for a total cost of about $110-thousand dollars. Some of the materials were donated and most of the construction was done by volunteers who once attended the former school. â€Å"There’s no way to put a cost on what they mean to us. The four men particularly that worked and worked tirelessly, day in and day out, Sunday afternoons, Saturday’s late. There’s no way to put a figure on it,† said Chief Jeff Bagwell. The station includes a community room and community picnic area. Firefighters will live at the station for free and be available to answer calls at night to help reduce response time. Andersonville residents who worked on the latest fire station will share their efforts with the public Tuesday at 4:00 p.m. According to a press release, the Belmont Fire Station will help make fighting fires in the community more efficient and serve as a public gathering place. In addition, the fire station’s contruction and design provides the neighborhood with a link to the past. The fire department expects to respond to fire calls in the area more quickly since firefighters will live at the station for no charge. The fire station serves more purposes than housing the fire department. Community groups can meet and hold picnics there. In addition to being more than a fire station, the facility has a legacy. It is on the site of a former school which burned down in the 1960’s. Former Belmont School students who are now retired helped build the new fire hall. Volunteers also lent a hand designing the exterior of the firestation fashioning the cupola after one at the old school. Building material contributions and volunteer labor helped to keep the cost of the project down. The grand opening will start at 4:00 p.m. Tours will be offered. A ribbon cutting will take place at 6:00 p.m. The station is on the corner of Park Road and Sequoyah Road in Andersonville. The fire department expects to respond to fire calls in the area more quickly since firefighters will live at the station for no charge. The fire station serves more purposes than housing the fire department. Community groups can meet and hold picnics there. In addition to being more than a fire station, the facility has a legacy. It is on the site of a former school which burned down in the 1960’s. Former Belmont School students who are now retired helped build the new fire hall. Volunteers also lent a hand designing the exterior of the firestation fashioning the cupola after one at the old school. According to a press release, the Belmont Fire Station will help make fighting fires in the community more efficient and serve as a public gathering place. In addition, the fire station’s contruction and design provides the neighborhood with a link to the past. The fire department expects to respond to fire calls in the area more quickly since firefighters will live at the station for no charge. The fire station serves more purposes than housing the fire department. Community groups can meet and hold picnics there. The department celebrated the opening of its third fire station, located in the Belmont community. The new station is located at the site of the former Belmont School, which was destroyed by fire in the 1960’s. The Andersonville Volunteer Fire Department celebrated a long-awaited new addition this afternoon. The station includes a community room and community picnic area. Firefighters will live at the station for free and be available to answer calls at night to help reduce response time. http://www.wbir .com/news/article/286122/2/Andersonville-to-open-3rd-fire-station- Chapter 3: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations A. Summary We all know that a fire station is a structure with areas set aside for storage of fire fighting apparatus such as fire engines and related vehicles, personal protective equipment, fire hoses and other specialized equipment. It may also have dormitory living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are sometimes arranged above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, fire fighters may have special means to allow entry to the ground floor quickly when a call for help is received, such as sliding down a brass pole called a fireman’s pole. This arrangement also allows for a raised area to hang hoses to dry to prevent damage. In a single story station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose hanging. An occupied station will usually have a station alarm system for receiving and annunciating an alarm, and indications of where and what caused the alarm. However, sometimes the only â€Å"alarm† is a telephone that is rung in case of emergency. In a more structured operation, full-time or on-call volunteer or career fire fighters staff the station some or all of the time. There may be office space for the officers, a library of reference and other materials, and a â€Å"trophy wall† or case where the fire fighters display memorabilia. Activities in a fire station include regular inspection and cleaning of the apparatus and equipment, and continuing education in the fire service. Weekly or bi-weekly routine typically includes various drills in which fire fighters practice their skills. Some fire companies also host public activities at the fire station during annual â€Å"fire prevention week† In our case, we will be designing a first class fire station which means, this fire station will contain all of the necessary equipment and apparatus. Also, it will contain all of the necessary and additional space areas such as recreational area, different offices, living, dining and kitchen areas, library, training area, etc. We are planning to design a fire station that has modern aesthetics that will give a positive impression to us as the designers. Good function of our space program is also what we’re striving, for which this is a fire station, and it needs great planning of spaces mostly in case of emergencies and easy access of the fire trucks to the outside. We are really striving to design an image that would automatically determine that our structure is considered as first class. We will implement in our design the usage of glass which implies modern era and it will help the staff inside the building to be aware on their surroundings outside. B. Conclusions Based on the findings, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. In answer to question number 1: What design, materials and ideas contains in a first class fire station? The researchers found out that in a first class fire station, designs of modernism such as the usage of glass, metallic silver borders and bright glossy colors are used. Ideas of minimalism is always applied in modern first class fire stations, vast spaces is implied for better circulation and comfortable aura. Materials like glossy marble, picture glass window, etc. are used. The idea of having wide apparatus bay and more offices is implied in a first class fire station, having complete space areas and additional ones to. More dormitories and spaces for fire fighters, having a sense of home comfort during their stay in the fire station. 2. In answer to question number 2: Why does first class fire stations are implemented and preferred nowadays? The researchers found out that first class fire stations are implemented and preferred in a lot of ways because primarily, first class fire stations have it all. The flexibility and functionality of a first class fire station when it comes to the services being offered by our fire fighters and officers are more upgraded because of modern technologies and design ideas used in a first class fire station. The needs and wants of the fire fighters and officers are met in a first class fire station. With this kind of environment, they are more eager to take and do their jobs more motivated because they are being paid off by the beauty and home comfort of their fire stations. 3. In answer to question number 3: What to expect in a first class fire station? Well obviously, you will expect in any first class structures, buildings, etc. the quality of the materials and designs used. In a first class fire station, it is expect that the materials and equipments used are top of the line, the designs are great and the way the space are programmed is outstanding. You will also expect in a first class fire station the aesthetics or beauty of the structure, the modernism of its design. First class fire stations have it all. The equipments and facilities are expected to be compete. The offices for different officers are divided in such for their own work to be accomplished. Modern tools and apparatus are used, clothings and gears of fire fighters are complete, training grounds and recreational areas are found. C. Recommendations Authoritative The following recommendations were made by the researchers after analysing the beneficiaries of this particular study. These are follows: 1. To those who are planning to construct or to design a first class fire stations to know what to implement and to use, to have a smart space planning or programming and to have a satisfying way of life for their fire fighters and company. 2. To the government, for which this study will serve as a great guidelines in designing and constructing a first class fire station for their country or city, having many facts and ideas in this study. 3. To those concerned citizens who are curious enough to think of a first class fire station implementation for the betterment of our society in the field of fire emergency cases. 4. To future researchers that would make a further study of this kind, it is recommended for them to absorb this study for them to have more knowledge and facts on what will they expand on their chosen research study topic. Researcher’s Recommendations 1. As what is stated above, it is really advisable to recommend this research study to those who are planning to construct or to design a first class fire stations to know what to implement and to use, to have a smart space planning or programming and to have a satisfying way of life for their fire fighters and company staff. This study would really help them throughout their thinking of what is needed in a first class fire station. This study will give a lot of bright ideas and will totally benefit from their design. -Ron Adrian P. Cruz 2. This is recommended to those individuals with plans to construct a first class fire station for which this study contains a lot of facts and details on what to use and to put in a first class fire station. This study will make their ideas more broad and flexible, they will know where to start and to put additional details that they unfortunately didn’t saw on this research study. -Patrica Marie B. Dayao PART III: REFERENCES The researchers would like to thank all of the persons and websites that openly expanded and broadened our research, their help contributes a lot in our case study research. Websites/Articles: http://www.google.com.ph/ http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/07/12/two-fires-hit-makati/ http://www.wbir.com/news/article/286122/2/Andersonville-to-open-3rd-fire-stati on- http://megacities-go-services.com/layout/set/print/Manila/Latest-News-Articles http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/f/fires_and_firefighters/index.html http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2013/08/wrightstyle-looks-back-from-curfew-to-modern-us-fire-safety.html http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/fire-department http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Fire_Protection http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=69&Itemid=366 http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2007/R1813part3.pdf http://www.isomitigation.com/ppc/fire-station.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_department http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=fire&searchmode=none http://www.finedictionary.com/fire%20station.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Fire_Department http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Fire_Department http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/ http://www.peoriagov.org/fire-department/ http://www.firestations.org.uk/Station_Details.php?stn=Woodford%20fire%20station&lat=51.609343&lon=0.024014 http://www.hantsfire.gov.uk/stationdetail.htm?stcode=01&stname=basingstoke http://www.hantsfire.gov.uk/stationdetail.htm?stcode=29&stname=petersfield http://fireservices.ap.gov.in/ http://www.nelsonmandelabay.gov.za/Content.aspx?objID=218 http://710keel.com/more-details-surface-about-the-scandal-in-the-shreveport-fire-department/ http://www.mfb.vic.gov.au/Contact-Us/MFB-details.html http://www.mfb.vic.gov.au/About-Us/Stations-and-Districts/Station-No-27.html Persons/Establishments: The graduate library of Far Eastern University for allowing them to use their materials and resources such as books and thesis projects The electronic library of Far Eastern University for allowing them to use their books and computers Makati City Central Fire station for letting the researchers do an ocular inspection, interviews and provide demonstrations for broader knowledge about this case study research topic To Supt. Ricardo C. Perdigon for providing wide range of answers to our questions and additional facts for more understanding and knowledge about this case study research topic