Race and Racism Essay Example for Free

Race and Racism EssayIn comparison to the almighty universe in which people all live in, human beings ar that a speck of dust at the size of it all. Then here be these beings on planet earth, with all 7 billion people on a lower floor the same moon, divided. No longer ar human equals as beings, but separate because of the system of ignorance, exploitation, and power used to oppress people on the al-Qaeda of ethnicity, culture, mannerisms, and culture (Marable 1).Racism is the issue Americans have swept under the rug the problem is being ignored, leaving cultures in the dark of their own history make blame to be shifted on to all sorts of hosts, and its time to pick up the rug to dust. Society as a whole seems to have depressed down what makes a person unique, dehumanizing them and leaving them susceptible to oppression (Marable 2). One must non be so quick to forget that every wizard human being is made up of the same genetic material, to forget something so broad is t o undermine the gift of thinking itself.Manning Marable writes in Racism and Sexism that stereotypes are at the heart of every form of racism today. Racism is not a topic that sits around at the front of everybodys brain. Racism does not twist on the tip of your tongue begging to be talked about. Racism is something that is ignored and denied. Shocking statistics from Tim Wises On snowy Privilege were discussed, stating that in 1962, 80% of gabardine folk deliberated that racism was not even a problem.In the same year, 90% of white folk believed that colored children had equal gentility opportunities as white children. To believe that racism was not even a problem would be to say that over the 750 race riots 228 people were not genuinely killed, 12,741 people were not critically injured, and that the 15,000 acts of arson did not leave black urban neighborhoods in ruins, in the same year of 1962 (Postrel).White people are alone unburdened by race where as colored people constan tly feel their capabilities are always being second guessed. However, Charles M. flack, author of Escaping Slavery, explains to the commentator that apparently white people think their actions are justified And Blow goes as far as to say that the idea that make toward radical consistency would or should be steady and continuous is fraying (Blow 1). In On White Privilege, the speaker Tim Wise pointed out that white people were asked in 2009 if they believed that racial variation is still a problem and exclusively 6% said yes. To put that into perspective more people would believe that Elvis is still alive than to believe that racial discrimination is still a problem (Wise). Perhaps the density of the universe compromised the carrying capacity of the human brain causing a malfunction fashioning it so the only thing people can think about is them self. Definitely not progress (Blow 2). The white system of ignorance and exploitations is causing the cultures of color to altogethe r lose track of their own histories (Marable).People who are oppressed themselves begin to lose touch with their own traditions of history, community, love, celebrations, struggle, and trade (Marable). Tim Wise reminds viewers whose history we are truly learning in school- text books are filled only with white history people of color are forced to regurgitate white history, white literature, white art, white theater, etc. , while if a white person does not know an ounce of black history, it can go most unnoticed in this country (Wise).Actions speak louder than rallying crys and people seem to continue to prove their ignorance. As part of the Civil Rights Movement and an effort to urinate a solution to unlawful discrimination in housing based on race, color, sex, nation origin, or religion, the Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968 (Russell). solid forward 38 years later where 2006 showed the highest level of discriminating housing complaints based on race (Wise). 38 whole years l ater and the only thing society can show on terms of progress is the lack of acceptance being distributed around the country.There is not enough change taking place as a country in order to move forward into truly being the United States of America home of the valiant but we still fear what we do not know. It is always easier to accuse other forces for a problem than to admit that you are actually making the dope yourself. It has been said that if one is not a part of the solution then one is a part of the problem however, some people are stringently unburdened by race, they dont know racism because they have never had to experience it- people are completely surrounded by and completely oblivious of the problem.Failure to talk about racism feeds the denial (Wise). The finger can be pointed in any direction, and instead of calling it blame the word cause is used instead because that is more constructive, and lets face it, we need as much progress as we can get. However, progress s eems to be unbearably intangible when Blow points out that the pillars of the institution- the fundamental devaluation of dark skin and stained justifications are for the unconscionable- have proved surprisingly resilient (Blow). The ignorance and lack of upbringing only feeds the pillars strength.Completely blinded by utter fear, America seems to be in a standstill of progress towards the issue on racism. Starting with Charles Blows work in Escaping Slavery, down to Manning Marables Racism and Sexism, and what Tim Wise said in On White Privilege, it can be assumed that progress will always need to be made to bring this country closer to unity. Breaking down racial barriers and stereotypes have proven to be an especially lengthy process, however that does not justify the slothfulness of it all. Open minds and hearts is what it is going to take to shatter the structure that leaves this country divided.Word Count 1,100 industrial plant Cited Blow, Charles. Escaping Slavery. New Yor k Times 4 January 2013. Marable, Manning. Racism and Sexism. Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, 5th ed. Ed. Paul Rothenberg. New York Worth Publishers, 2001. 124-129. Pring. Wise, Tim. On White Privilege Racism, White Denial, and the Costs of Inequality. The Media Education Foundation, 2008. DVD. Postrel, Virginia. The Consequences of the 1960s Race Riots Come Into View. The New York Times. N. p. , 30 Dec. 2004. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

Public Opinion Caused by News Media Essay Example for Free

exoteric vista Caused by News Media EssayPublic sagaciousness is a sensitive but important issue to get word. Taking into contemplation relative literary works, this paper identified and presented that chaparrals state of strugglefare on act of terrorism insurance is the best reason that resulted into the unfortunate negative commonplace assent towards U. S. Most importantly, this paper justified that it is the power of the media playing area that last paved the way for anti-American universal opinion about the give tongue to presidential strategy. War on Terrorism The Anti-American Public sagaciousness Caused by News MediaPublic opinion, especially how hoi polloi and societies view a particular leader and his policies, is undeniably an important factor of success or failure. Taking into consideration the sen agent of the prevalent is supposed to be an ideal principle and practice for the government and leader of a pastoral. This is because of the reality tha t public opinion significantly speaks of what and how the stack and community think and feel thereby affecting a chairwomans management of a nation.Coupled however with the compelling nature and jounce of mass communication, newsworthiness media in particular public opinion expectedly signifies and creates either an acceptance of or opposition to the decisions and policies of a leader. The media component has long been proven to be a vital ground that determined whether a country and its President be positively or negatively perceived by the public. In fact, with the extensive impact of news media, a leader as well as his strategies and judgments are scrutinized by the media and the subsequent news presentation results to either criticism or recognition.It is at a lower place much(prenominal)(prenominal) premises and circumstances that the government and his leader must highly regard what the news media can offer and sluicetually do. This is also under the principle that ne ws media absolutely has the power to affect public opinion. With such influence, it will be empirically valuable for a President to formulate and transact his policies and course of action fundamentally in accordance to what and how news media views a specific event.It is therefore necessary and worthy for a President and his government to consider the established authority of news media to achieve a consenting public opinion otherwise any policy or decision, however good it is, whitethorn be opposed and paves the way to the downfall of the administration. Public Opinion, an Overview Prior to digging further into the issue of the significant influence of news media to what and how a leader and his policies are perceived, it is useful to initially learn and understand the nature and relative components of public opinion.In doing so, it is hoped that the uncoiled essence of public opinion is known and that the manner how it is shaped by news media is ultimately realized. Public opi nion remains to be a relevant element which energizes the political field of one nation. This civilise holds true for American politics judging from the persistent nature and indication of public opinion in the lives of American people and most importantly, with their leader and his policies. To be specific, public opinion manifests What does the public think? (Glynn, Herbst, OKeefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004, p. 3). Public opinion is importantly considered because authorities are required to learn what kinds of ideas, policies and decisions that the public adheres to and uphold. Additionally, the thought and sentiment of the public are valuable factors which leaders regard in order to come up with acceptable, rational and effective undertakings. It is also through getting the public opinion that the government determines what endeavors will be agreed to or supported by the people.Hence, creating and implementing policies that are sure to conform to what people and the society think and feel are the very purposes of public opinion (Glynn, Herbst, OKeefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004). Glynn and company further presented the three provisions that comprised public opinion. These included public opinion in the light of politics, communication, and affectionate process (Glynn, Herbst, OKeefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004, p. 4). The authors however signified that of the verbalize three vital terms, it is public opinion in the context of communication that is most significant (Glynn, Herbst, OKeefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004).They explained that while public opinion shapes the political and societal or cultural frameworks of a country, it is communication which established a difference. This is primarily based from the fact that public opinion is communicated and imparted both to people and societies based on the influence of the media profession. Aside from the generalized mass media and interpersonal communication, it is news media that is directly connected with public opi nion. This is essentially due to the fields power to manipulate the minds and feelings of the public (Glynn, Herbst, OKeefe, Shapiro Lindeman, 2004).To See Ourselves as Others See Us It is through Holstis (2008) To See Ourselves as Others See Us that the human family betwixt public opinion and both the local and international news media environments was analyzed and eventually recognized. A part of the Holsti news offered different several probable explanations and foundations of the nature and effect of public perspective. This is because such causes determined how an anti-American public opinion widely and deeply affected U. S. President George W. shrub and his policies after the country was struck by tragic terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (Holsti, 2008). As an offshoot of dreadful 9/11 terror assaults, the public opinion towards President Bush as well as his decisions and policies was attributed to several reasons. These included, but not limited to, the war on terr orism specifically against the country of Iraq. This issue relatively resulted into the reported violations supposedly committed by the administration against peoples basic rights such as the alleged use of excessively much force by American military.In the intelligence, Holsti eventually occupationd that the presented explanations aggravated the anti-American public opinion. This is supposedly because the international news media influenced the public opinion thereby made the Bush policies and decisions unpopular especially those related with 9/11 (Holsti, 2008). If analyzed on a personal perspective, it is the war on terrorism particularly which targeted Iraq as axis of evil that made the most sense.From the variety of reasons that explained the breadth and depth of the anti-American public opinion resulting from the September 11 attacks, the Holsti book realized that it is indeed the war against terrorism specifically on Iraq that rationally described the negative opinion of p eople about Bush and his policies (Hoslti, 2008). In discussing the wherefore and how the war on terrorism paved the way for the anti-American public opinion, the book relied and became firm on a condition which signified the connection betwixt news media and public opinion.This is also because of the premise that we can only recognize ourselves based on how others view us. Hence, the Holsti book made the public realize that Bushs policies and decisions concerning the war on terrorism are the ones that affected the reason and manner how Bush and his policies are viewed, first by the news media and eventually by people and the society, (Holsti, 2008). Holsti further stated that while survey and poll supposedly establish the ground of public opinion, such practices do not always and reliably manifest the entire or collectiveview of the public. This is because a leader such as Bush is more directed by the national involution that, in turn, is influenced by the structure of both the local and international news media. Such condition, in fact, signified a chain reaction and the link between public opinion and news media. Hence, the anti-American public opinion is shaped by how the news media presented the Bushs policies specifically concerning its administrations war on terrorism (Holsti, 2008). News Medias View on War on Terrorism Caused Negative Public OpinionThe title of this section appropriately described and logically explained the significant connection between the media and public opinion. Centered on the issue of war on terrorism, such link specifically prove and paid particular attention to the power or influence of international news media. This is basically based from the reality that the manner how media presented to the public the said policy created a significant effect on Bush and his policies. This particular principle was what Entman (2004) clearly and effectively exemplified in the book Projections of Power Framing News, Public Opinion and U. S. Foreign Policy. In carrying-out and eventually recognizing the reality and harmful impact of news media on public opinion, the author discussed how Bushs decision and policies towards engaging in war against terrorism was unfortunately taken against his administration (Entman, 2004). In the first part of the book, Entman initially presented the surrounding circumstances of the post September 11 terrorist attacks in the U. S. Relatively, the news media initially presented that such factors necessitated the undertaking of the war on terrorism policy.In fact, the book showed how such presidential strategy was tremendously approved and even supported by the public. This is because during its initial stage and precisely because the world is still fresh from the glaring outcome of 9/11, the public appreciated and realized the pauperization for Bush and the country as well as even the worldwide community to embark on such daring policy (Entman, 2004). Noticeably, news media initiall y presented that it was only proper for Bush and his war on terrorism policy to be executed.Entman cited CBS news anchor Dan Rather who, after Bush made the said policy, offered to put on his combat uniform and said George Bush is the president, he makes the decisions, and, you know, as just one American, he wants me to line up, just tell me where (Entman, 2004, p. 1). Entman added that such kind of statement and other relative remarks symbolized the patriotic fervor manifested by the media as an aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and based from the intense speech of Bush (Entman, 2004).However, it is not all the time that the Bush administration got an ally in the person of Rather. Entman noted that this is because of the link between the content and purpose of a news media report and what the White House really required the media to present. Relatively, such connection or should it rather be said as conflict worsened the relationship between a free and impartial press and the Bush gove rnment that is bent to retaliate against terrorists under the leaders of Saddam Hussein while at the same time maintain a supposedly consenting public opinion (Entman, 2004).As the author further explained, a supposedly ideal railroad tie between Bushs war on terrorism policy and news media coverage does not exist in reality. This is because of the fact that the two entities enshroud each other in a remote way and decidedly not in accordance with what is expected. As Entman specifically said in practice, the relationship between governing elites and news organizations is less distant and more cooperative than the ideal envisions, especially in foreign affairs (Entman, 2004, p. 2).Thus it was worthy to note that an originally ideal and useful leadership strategy, such as the principle and practice of engaging into war against terrorism by the Bush administration, unfortunately scarred the Presidents relationship with the media and negatively affected the public opinion towards hi m. Such condition also resulted from the premise that the field of media was restricted with the contents and purposes of its reporting in order for the government to maintain a cordial yet in reality, a cruel foreign approach resulting from the damages of 9/11 (Entman, 2004).Most importantly, it was the objective but painful presentations made by the international news media environment that inevitably resulted into an anti-American public opinion, criticisms against Bush war on terrorism in particular. When analyzed however, it is likely that the media side is more justified in its efforts and objectives in presenting the nature and effects of the governments war on terrorism specifically against Iraq and Hussein. This is precisely because of the innate quality of the media to provide the public with fair and accurate reporting (Entman, 2004).The author further justified that despite the tragedies created by 9/11, it did not alter the expectedly conventional nature and standard of the media profession. As such, Entman maintained that The attacks of September 11, 2001, may have changed everything, as a cliche of the time had it, but at least on first impression, one thing it did not change was the news medias traditional promotion of patriotic rallies more or less presidents when America appears under attack.Reflecting the surge of outrage and nationalist fervor, the news made little room for any but official, government-sanctioned interpretations. Even the mildest dissent was immediately condemned. It would be unrealistic to expect much else in light of the stunning, unprecedented, and heinous nature of the violence. (p. 2) Ultimately, the Entman book imparted that the projection of power made by Bush and his war on terrorism policy, in the light of the 9/11 terrorists attacks, framed the way how news media adhered to uphold its natural reporting principles.In doing so however, it required the field to expose the glaring cruel objectives and implications of the said policy. By bravely, explicitly and objectively presenting the American war on terrorism, first against Iraq and Hussein and eventually with other terrorist-laden countries the minds and sentiments of the people were opened and, unfortunately for the part of Bush and the entire nation, it resulted into an anti-American public opinion (Entman, 2004). Media Reports on Bush Policy Led to Anti-American Public OpinionAt the onset, the power and eventual influence of media concerning how people think and feel was already presented. In the book Framing Terrorism The News Media, The Government and the Public, such premise or argument was emphasized by Norris, Kern and Just (2003). Beyond the supposed rational and righteous nature and objectives of the war on terrorism policy by the Bush administration, it is the instinctive and ethical attitude of the international news media community that prevailed (Norris, Kern Just, 2003).In particular, the authors maintained the position that it is the rightful pact of the news media profession to provide the public with just and correct reporting. Regardless of the own authority of the government, the media is expected to present to people what are actually fortuity even if such conditions put the government in bad light. Hence, in the course of the mandate of the news media to report the nations engagement into war in Iraq and other terrorists nations, the human rights violations reportedly committed by American soldiers were exposed.While after the 9/11 attacks, the public opinion was collectively gear in favor of the government and its planned policies, the aftermath of such undertakings created bad impressions among people and eventually resulted into an opposing American public opinion (Norris, Kern Just, 2003). This condition is where the role and involvement of the news media field were highlighted. The authors made a clear position that in shaping the nature, circumstances and effects of terrorism, the news media industry definitely has a significant function in the manner how the government policy is criticized or accepted by the people.Ultimately, due to the undeniable violations and hostilities brought about by the said Bush war on terrorism policy, the news media played an important part in shaping the general perspective that eventually led to an anti-American public opinion (Norris, Kern Just, 2003). Conclusion It is now clear that the war on terrorism policy by the American government explained the extent and volume of the negative public opinion. Beyond this however, it is the undisputable influence of news media that was identified as the best reason for the said opposing public perspective towards U. S and its president.Such condition is a sad but true occurrence that ultimately affected peoples view on Bush and his leadership style. References Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of Power Framing News, Public Opinion and U. S. Foreign Policy. Chicago University of Chicago Pre ss. Glynn, C. J. , Herbst, S. , OKeefe, G. J. , Shapiro, R. Y. , Lindeman M. (2004). Public Opinion. Boulder, CO West view. Holsti, O. R. (2008). To See Ourselves as Others See Us. Ann bower University of Michigan Press. Norris, P. , Kern, M. Just, M. R (2003). Framing Terrorism The News Media, The Government and the Public. New York Routledge.

Solid Waste Management Problems In Cameroon

fast Waste Management Problems In Cameroon warm bolt out focus which can be seen as the overbearing control of generation, charm, storage, transport, source of separation processing, intercession ,recovery, and temperament of material extravagance Globalization has raised some troubling tie ins for the developing world, including Cameroon. One of such concern is its impact on urbanization and the ramification that goes with it. Cities argon traditionally engines of complaisant of social modernization and economic growth and at the same time the theatres in which globalization stage it actions. For Cameroon this has just help to increase the already unban problems and challenges that go with it. With municipal solid idle management is the main challenge. The constant increased in flows of crackings and services, and change in life style and in addition ways of consumption had affected the risky firmament directly or indirectly. Municipal solid wipe out material mana gement constitutes one of the about crucial wellness and milieual health problems facing the Limbe urban urban center council. This is so because even though these city is development 30percent of their budget in solid raving madland management, only 20-50 percent of the prodigality is been collected. Illegal dumped mum constitute 50 percent of health and environmental degradation. This reputation pull up stakes attempt s to examine increase in urbanization oblige impacted on the management of municipal solid muck up sector in Cameroon using the case of Limbe. In conclusion, this paper will suggest some solutions to the current countervail management problems in Cameroon cities.Location of Study empyreanLimbe is a town in Fako Division of the South West region of Cameroon is located in an supple an active and dynamic coastal zone. Limbe is located on the rocky coast of Cameroon and covers a surface argona of close 674 km (Limbe Town Planning Office, 2000).Source Li mbe Urban Council (2005)Definition of Key TermSolid WasteBy definition, solid eat up includes but is not limited to trash, yard waste, used motor oil, household chemicals, building materials, and demolition materials. Solid waste does not include rock, dirt or brick.What be the Factors influencing municipal solid waste Generation in Cameroon?In order to prepare a good planned on municipal solid waste management system, it is important to know the quantity of waste generated by the community and disseminatewise the different types of waste. Solid waste generation differs from place to place and country to country. Solid waste production and composition are influenced by the consumption pattern, climate, season, pagan practice, etc. race size is an important course or influence of municipal solid waste generation, even though other factors also influence it. There is a positive reciprocal relationship between city world size and two the percentage of waste arrangement from households. The constant increase in community and the city size as a hole poses a hell of problems solid waste management in Cameroon. In Limbe, A current take care shows that the present state of Limbe is estimated at 84,223 according to the 2005 existence census. Increase in solid waste from 100 to 150 tons per day. The city area has also increase to about 6000 hectares, with about 4000 hectares of re lieuntial and commercial areas. The collection rates have increase dramatically from like 10 percent in the early on 1990s to the present 30-60 percent execution by Cameroon hygiene and Sanitation Company popularly known as (HYSACAM) which is a French acronym for Hygiene et slubritedu Cameroon, the municipal solid waste management company in Limbe. The management of solid waste is in the hands of the Limbe city council and some insular N.G.O.s opera set upg in around the city.In Cameroon, the waste stream is mostly made up of garbage. Garbage which constitutes 60-70 percent o f all the various types of waste includes, waste from sales of upraise and meals, house hold preparation like cooking and serving of food market refuse and handling. We also have what is known as non-biodegradable deoxyephedrine which constitutes paper, carton, plastics, rubber, glass, tin cans, etc. More so, other sources include ashes, abandon vehicles, street sweeping, non-hazardous industrial waste, etc. Public and private sectors and sewage treatment centers also generate waste. import goods, like second hand vehicles, electronics and house hold equipments from Europe, Asia and America .This goods with little or no life span, will spend with their Cameroon owners forwards been consider as waste. All these is been influence due to changing in consumption habits by some Cameroonians.Solid waste CompositionIn terms of composition, solid waste differs from town to town depending on the economic level of the cities or towns. It also depends on other factors such as the geographic al location of the cities, energy resources, climate, cultural habits and standard of living of the population. Most of the big cities in Cameroon have high percentage of organic matter in their waste stream with high wet content making them unsuitable for incineration. Over the years, many plastics, glass, paper, metal, textile and leather had find their way into the municipal waste stream due to the rapid economic expansions taking place in the cities.Transportation and collection method actings of solid waste managementMore than three quarter of the waste management budget of the Limbe city council is been spent on transportation of solid waste alone, due to lack of technological knowhow only a smaller percentage is been spent on waste treatment or recycling. In Limbe, three main collection systems could identify the primary collection at the household level by individuals, secondly collection method by the urban council which is the official method and finally by private contrac tors. Since the early days, they had been different traditional methods of waste organisation and agents in Cameroon as a hole. For example the burning of trash and rubbish from kinsfolks and work places. All of these methods have been reduce, since the Limbe council re-contracted the management of solid waste in the hands of HYSACAM which is a private company so many things have change. This solid waste management company known as HYSACAM had been operating in Cameroon for a very broad time in various urban cities. They position portable public skips of various sizes (1m, 3m, 6m, 9mand 16m) on the strategic positions of the city and empty them on planned daily schedule.150 bins of 3mto 16mcategory exist today (Monkam et al.2000).These skips are of various seizes depending on the generation capacity and also the level of accessibility of the area. Dumper trucks of various classes had been imported by HYSACAM for the collection and removing of dumping waste of the city of Limbe. Sweeping of some of the main streets is through manually by some of their employers and also by one mechanistic van present for this use. Many problems do exits, because these equipment do break down time and again due to poor management and inexperience drivers, they had record so many accidents .The equipment are also so expensive to maintain and run. All this had made the population to have mix feelings about their operation. However HYSACAM had succeeded in removing about 30-60 percent of the waste today, which is a great improvement.Some waste management equipments in LimbeSourcePhotos by gefominyen.comProblems encounter by the municipal authoritiesLimbe is a growing leash world city with the constant challenge by urbanization and industrilization trends,population increase and consequent rise of waste.The city of Limbe and its authorities face major problems relating to public health and enviromental befoulment.Lack of political will,poor political science policy,lack of a pproprate economic and human resources,and weak local institutions result in poor waste management.Although the Limbe municipality had increasingly involved in solid waste management,lack of institutional and infrastructure facilities,and alsolack of resources are hindering the efforts.In addition,one of the main problem is the use of traditional approach by the municipal authorities,they monopolise solid waste management projects,using command-and-rule startegies,ignoring other stakeholders and ill- adapted imported tecnology is greenness in Cameroon cities.This traditional or cultural approach does not really help practically the situation of solid waste management in Limbe as a hol.The neglect of these other practitionals in this sector had worsen the scenario.This can be seen in most parts of the city,streets are almost blocked by solid waste and also market places are been littered around with solid waste from remains of some agricultural produce. More so,only some privilage people benefit from home collection of the solid waste ,this is due to the fact most of the streets are inassible.As in many other cities this people are been left with little or no chioce but to dump their solid waste in undefendable spaces, weewee bodies,buried,drainage channels, burnt, deposite along roadsides and streets.Deposition of this solid waste into drainage,will course the drainage to blocked and mit result to flooding in the city.Like the case of 2002 when flooding and lanslide occure in variouse slums and gettos in the city of Limbe.The is also the prevelence of some diseases and parasites like malaria,cholera,diarrheaand hookworm been coused by inproper waste judicature.Photos of enviromental problems of inproper waste deposition in limbe.aSourcefako news center.com(2005)Environmental and health of solid waste management Health provides an important tracer to indicate the quality of the population-environment relationship(Ness 2001).Enviromental assemblesIn the en viroment,chemicals and other containments found in solid waste can peacefulness into our ground water and can alsobe carried by rain water into our rivers and lakes that which provide essential wildlife habitat.these contaminates can also end up in our ground water,rivers and lakes that are sources for drinking water.The major enviromental effects include waste pollution from- pollution from disposal site.It also include air pollution, which includes smoke,odour,dust,noise,etc.Waste DisposalFinal disposal in most economically cities in Cameroon is usually a matter of transporting the collected waste to the nighest receptive space and discharging them. Other forms of disposal like animal feeding, ploughing into soil, string out burning and dumping in water bodies or wetlands contribute to environmental hazards ad human health problems.Institutional and financial constraints are one of the main reason for inadequate waste disposal.The lacking of good solid waste disposal system in some areas in Cameroon and Afica as a hole,had contributes to the spread of infectiouse diseases.The method of solid waste removal also varies,with the a high level of segregation .The poorest neighborhoods facing the bigest problems with inadequate solid waste removal system, due to lack of roads.Some of this poor housholds or nighborhood rely on the pivate sector,those who can not provide deposite their waste in pits outside their homes,in rivers,by the road side and by burning.All this will give rise to solid waste health problems and prevalance of diarhoea,because some of them do drink from the rivers that they emty their waste into. In proper waste disposal can also led to poor drainage and blocked gutters.This block gutters,streams and drainage channels contributes to flooding usaually during the rainy season.Air pollutionA descend of factors does account for air pollution in urban cities,usaually the traditional system of waste burning ,emissions from cars,trucks,busses and not living out industrial emissions present in these urban cities.Air pollution is responsible for so many health problems in Cameroon as a hole,like premature deaths ,food contamination in polluted regions.Air pollution also disttroy the hozone layer and affect forest growth.Health effects This includes mosquitoes breed in standing water in block drains, cans and standing pool of rain waterthe presence of ratsrats spreads diseases like salmonella,typlius, leptospirosis and they also spiol millions of tons of foodand house hold materials flies also carry germs on bodies and legs nad also excrete them.Population effect on solid waste ManagementPopulation growth has always affected waste generation in Cameroon,collection and invariable disposal due to population drowth and high standars of living amoung some of the inhabitants of Limbe. The is rapid population growth taking place in Limbe and this has a negative impact on both the environment and waste generation in the city.With man y other urban cities in Africa, cities in Cameroon (like Limbe) are faced with the double problems of population increase and rapid expansion.These phenomena in a higher place have brouth increasing strain on urban infrastructural development.Waste management has been one of the areas this strian has occure,where the existing system can no longer cope with the mountain of waste generated and heaped on the surface and open fields.Finally population size and growth,goes along with increased pollution and environmental decay.Slums and ghettosDue to poorverty,many cities had given birth to slums and gettos in many third world countries . This had led to the rise in enviromental health nad social problems.Cameroonians due live in slum nieghborhoods in city,because they can not expend the high cost to rent a room or flat in this big ciities.Left will no alltanative but to turn to this slum and quaggy areas to construt their little shanties houses,with no building permit from the city c ouncil or land tenure.With the government authorities allways coming around to distroy them,because they are some time located in hazardouse areas,like slopes,flood prone areas and industraial zones.Slum dwellers allways record high level of poor health problems due to poor infrastructure and dirthy enviroment.Poor solid waste management is also general iin slum areas,this led to the prevalence of diseases, malaria and infant mortality rates.Methods of DisposalOpen DumpingOpen dump as a solid waste disposal method, open dump is an uncontrolled sytem and has not been subject of engineering design.This type of solid waste disposal method had been adoubted in Limbe,commonly refers to as landfill.In most of the urban and rural areas of Cameroon,open domping is the most preffered way for final solid waste disposal.Although,the fovernment of Cameroon and municipalities had develop sanitory landfill sites in a few urban and rural areas,open dumping still remains the cheapest and most tel ling solution to get rid of solid waste .The distance of such sanitry landfill is often too distantly located for the population to used,as compare to the open dumlocation around the municipality. The sites are to far from the main source of waste generation, at that place by increases transfer costs and additional inverstments for the construction of roads and transportation.These open dumpsites in due time will become haven for flies, insects,animals and man alike.Composition and Recycling of solid wasteAlthough composting is also a preferred method of solid waste disposal,due to the high level of organic material found in the waste composition.This method is not very popular in Cameroon,though there are some small-scale composting plants in the country,which has shown very limited success. Composting plants are not recording succes in Cameroon because of the high maintance and operating costs and lack of effective marketing.Many municipalities in Cameroon are using educational ca mpaigns and highring workers to conduct door to door collection of recyclables waste materials.In city like Limbe,organic wastes are coposted at home backyards and waste such as plastics are doump near the beach or buried.Burning of combustible waste is also widely practise amoung the inhabitants of Limbe city.Recycling is widely practice by the informal sector waste pickers or by the solid waste management staff themselves for extra income. Collection of recyclable waste is done in several steps such as households (door to door collection), transfer stations and even in the disposal sites. Such work is done in a very labor-intensive and unsafe way, and for very low incomes. Recovered and recyclable products then enter a chain of dealers, or processing before they are finally sold to manufacturing enterprises. The main items that are recycled include soft and hard plastics, glass, steel, paper, cardboard, aluminium and alloys etc.(C. Visvanathan and Ulrich Glawe 2006).Legal,Social and Finacial Issues of Solid Waste Management in CameroonCameroon is facing legal,financial and social problems in terms of solid waste management. Considering the enviromental issues in the countrys development,municipalities and the government of Cameroon are hard to extend and formulate enviromental legislation.Public awareness and public participation is a major step in effective implementation of the solid waste management system. Therefore, co-operation from the citizens is a vital aspect in managing solid wastes of a city. Habits and attitudes of inhabitants of a city largely affect waste management system. Hence, social aspect can not be separated from the overall waste management system. Therefore, environmental education from schools to develop the awareness of the general public becomes important.Participatory urban enviromental planning and magagement approachPaticipatory approch will focuses on the activities in solving waste management issues in Limbe and Cameroon as a hole.The paticipatory programme will empahasises on the need for local enviromental methodologies and planning among all urban enviroment and development stakeholders.The aim of this programme is to enter upon urban environmental improvements through recyling and waste collection.The program will also seeks to some enviromental and health concern.The economically empower a group of youths and adults in Limbe to bugger off their enviromental livelihoods through waste collection and recycling.The management of municipal solid waste continues to evolve from the traditional confines system of generation to disposal,through waste collection and transportation,to intergrated waste management system.The morden solid waste management system encompases source reduction,recovery, and recycling of waste materials.At the momment the management capabilities of the urban councils are weak,due to lack of natural and economic resources.Attempts to deal with this urban enviromental issues had bee n a major problem and making it difficult for them to succed.The management of solid waste management in Limbe city can be discribed as been inadequate and inefficent as evidenced can be seen by the indiscriminating dumping of waste on road sides,public places fileds and streams.This is evident in the slums and suburbs where heaps of rubbish can be seen almost everywere,coursing the place to be liteared with flies and the spread of so many diseases causing a lot of discomfort to the population.This problem will need both financial human resources put together with full plans to ensure the delivery of an effective solid waste management system.Workshops will be held with variouse stakeholders and participants from the city to identify pertinent enviromental solid waste management problem needing redress in the city.The objectives of these workshops will also include identification of mitigatory maesures to mitigate the identified enviromental problems.Role of StakeholdersIn other of the government of Cameroon to achieve sustainability in solid waste management,it is important to look at the roles of the variouse stake holders involve in power structures prevalent in solid waste management. Experience in several different African countries has shown that cooperation and coordination between the different stakeholder groups like city council, eclogue government, service users, NGOS, CBOS,the private sector (formal and informal), and donor agencies, will ultimately lead to increase sustainability of the waste management system, such as changes in behavior and overlap of financial responsibilities. On the other hand, ignoring certain activities or groups will result in decreased sustainability of the system, for example in the form of negative public health effects or increased unemployment (Nyachhyon, 2004).Non-Governmental Organisatios(NGOs)Many NGOs in Cameroon operate between the private and government realms.These NGOs are strongly motivated by humanitarian and developmental concerns.These NGOs at times help to increase the capacity of paople and community groups to have an active role in local solid waste mangement.They help to ready peoples awareness of solid waste management problems affecting their local communitythey also act as the voice of the Community ground Organisations in municipal planning and implimentation processesthey also provide channels of communication between Community Based Oraganisation and the government authorities and finally the transfer of technical know-how of locally active Community Based Organisations.Whilst privatization basically involves the transfer of management responsibility and ownership from the public to the private sector and has proved to be a powerful convey of improving the efficiency of some waste management services such as collection, haulage and disposal. Operating in various forms of partnership with the public sector, they may provide capital, management and organizational capac ity, labor and technical skills (UN, 2000).Private Sector PaticipationPrivate sectors in Cameroon,just like the NGOs play very important role in municipal solid waste management of the country.Specially in the city of Limbe,were HYSACAM which is a private sector is participating more in street sweeping,door to door collection and waste transfer.The involvement of the private sector had help the collection of garbage to be more efficient and addition it has also help to reduce both the financial and human resources of the Limbe Municipal Council.Private sectors are more effective,than the government in all aspect of solid waste management in Cameroon.Community Based Organisations(CBOs)Finally community based organization is an essential element in ensuring the effectiveness of the solid waste management project in Cameroonand increasing the likeliness of its sustainability.In most African countries,like in Cameroon women do play important role in many community based organisations.T hey also have a common initiative group known as women empowerment .Women are mostly responsible for house-keeping and its enviroment clean.Women have shown active participation in various measurs of solid waste management. .(C. Visvanathan and Ulrich Glawe 2006).RecommendationsThe government of Cameroon should support NGOs and private sector in required areas,most espacially in the area of organising maintenace workshops and enlightened programme,which should include grassroots participatory and input.The government of Cameroon and the Limbe urban council should strain the variouse agencies responsible for collection and disposal of all types of wastes effective. Expanding land fills managemnet and controlwaste to energy programs can be generated through the land fills.In terms of population increase,there should also be a room for international co-operation towards achieving the action plans.There is also an urgetnt need for action plans and education in order to monitor and cont rol waste expected in Limbe.There is also a need for purchase of recent equipments used for solid waste managementthere is and urgent of new equipments like tipper,trucks,vehicles,pay loaders,road sweeper,bulldozer and well train staff.All these most be backed up with well trained stocked maintenance and spare parts for all the equipment.There should be separate solid waste management system for hospitals,health care establishments and industries to prevent the infectious and hazardous waste from entering the municipal waste stream. Limbe urban council shoul raise refuse collection both from residential and industrial estates.There should be a disposal site in each street of Limbe and also avenue nearest to the sources of waste,it should be accesible to every one and also the collection should be daily and regularly.There is a need for more efective and up to date domestic waste transfer station and also there should be at least one domestic waste incineration plants in Limbe const ructed with a daily waste treatment capacity of at least 1000 tons,which can help to generate electricity through incineration so as to recover the energy out of wastes. closureMost of the African countries do not have firm grip on any sustainable method of municipal solid waste management. Cameroon government and urban councils are copying ill-adapted global strategies and technologies not suitable to the local realities.The management of municipal solid waste in Cameroon urban cities still have many problems which needs to be address.The existing collection facilities and regulation systems of solid waste management do not fit the present requirements.Most of the municipal solid waste collected at the source are not been sperated, treatment and collection facilities are limited,collected waste are mostly doumped haphazardly on the streets and open areas in Limbe.The Government of Cameroon,Limbe urban council, NGOs and private sectors are working hard in this field,but more still h as to be added to the existing efforts.The main solid waste management strategies needs to be remedy,this should include admendment of current laws and regulations,improve current solid waste management system and introduce calssified collections.The Limbe urbn council are not adequately exploring or using local intiatives and strategies, which could go a long way to improve on solid waste management within Limbe municipality.They should be locally adapted techniques,which involve collaboration with the stakeholders and coordination with the government will be very important.The iplimentation of all these above strategies will help to solve some of the solide waste management and enviroomental pollution problems to a large extent.

Effect of Low Self Esteem on Academic Performance

Effect of Low Self Esteem on Academic PerformanceAbstractThe compute of this study was to inspect the egotism-confidence and contingencies of egotism-worth used to define the relationship of educatees academic performance. Iqra University students (N=90) participant completed Rosenbergs Global vanity (Rosenberg, 1965) and Contingencies of self-worth scale developed by (Crocker, Luthanen, Cooper, Bourvrette, 2003). Students accumulative Grade Points Average taken from the EDP part of university, to break up those students who score luxuriously on egotism overly create high academic results, as well as checked which playing area of CSW out of seven factors (Academic Competence, approval from others and virtue) are more belike students tend to drop their vanity. Students global self-confidence and CSW shows that these students academic performance was separatist of their self- deference. No matter how much students down low or high grades they book on an average w ellnessier and sound direct of self- flirt with. The incorporations of findings from the CSW showed that Iqra University students more likely to invest their self-esteem in the dry land of virtue than any other champaign they tend to invest in this variable which is under their control and dismiss be easily satisfy the accomplishment of self-esteem through Virtue. Other sports stadium variables had negative or no significance relationship with students academic performance. Iqra University students did not shown the variables which are independent on others approval or on the control of others like, approval from others, family support etc. Research shows that these students more likely to invest in those field of studys which are under their control.CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTIONTo Study the Impact of Self-Worth on Student Academic Performance at University LevelThe conventional symbol of nice university graduates career has been the acquisition of a good degree, underlying by s pecialist knowledge, transferable and marketable skills with victoryful outcomes measured in quantifiable considerations. At the own(prenominal) level, better academic accomplishments attached are with higher(prenominal) self-esteem, and this is especially the case for non-traditional students. At the university level, understanding and willing to help the dispositional and steamy needs of students is important, not to the lowest degree because student mental health linked to success and retention rates. For this reason, university students whether graduation level or post graduation level are subjective interpretations of their educational activity experiences and how this impose on very individualal aspects of their lives and themselves is receiving increasing attention.The name of self-esteem is crucial in this debate, because it is an integral part of the self, of personal well-being and a necessary for educational achievement. Self-esteem is one of the important factor s that help for learning outcomes. The question is how this a vital notion would be measured and analyze in university level students? The purpose of this query is to report the relationship of students academic performance, their level of self-esteem, the study adopted a self-worth measuring instrument, about 90 students of bachelors, and masters level from assorted the department of Iqra University.The enquiry begins with a review of the concept of self-esteem, its introduction, definition and how this has been viewed by many exploreers it will too discuss about the contingencies of self-worth, a concept which was majorly go under and describe by Jennifer Crocker. Results from all the students who fill up the CSWS (Contingencies of self-worth Scale) along with Rosenberg Self-esteem scale will be taken their grade point average or CGPA from examination department and will see that those students who learn higher GPA like 3 or more, where these students mostly invested their s elf esteem.Contingencies of self-worth also shape long-term and short-term goals. bulk motivation to prove that they are a success, not a bereavement, in domains of contingent upon(p) self-worth, because that would mean they are valued and valuable in other words, they hold back self-validation goals in these domains (Crocker Park, 2004). People not only need to be recognized by others exactly it is also an inner satisfaction through which battalion want to have a feeling of self-acceptance about their worth value.The main research question addressed was Is there any relationship of students self-esteem with their academic performance, Is students high or low self esteem of a have any impact on his/her academic performance? One of the main objectives of this research is to check where university students mostly place their self-esteem in the domains of contingencies of self-worth. the research will conclude whether the high or significantly good level of self esteem of stu dent have any optimistic degree or negative impact on his/her academic performance or there is no link in amidst these variables.HypothesesH1. The relationship of students academic performance is depended on students self-esteem.H2. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of family support in the contingencies of self-worth.H3. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of Gods make do in the contingencies of self-worth.H4. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of Academic Performance in the contingencies of self-worth.H5. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of Appearance in the contingencies of self-worth.H6. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of Virtue in the contingencies of self-worth.H7. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of Competence in the contingencies of self-worth.H8. Students invest their self-esteem in the domain of Approval from others in the contingencies of self-worth.CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE RELATED L ITERATUREThe Concept of Self-esteemSelf-esteem is the most highlighted concept that is discusses not only mental clinical situations but also one of the most research concepts in psychological science. According to statistical research on Wikipedia, Self-esteem is one of the most frequent themes in psychological literature, which been used for the research in psychology. Self-esteem is continue to be one of the most generally research thought in kind psychology (Wells Marwell, 1976).Fortunately, in recent course of studys, a growing number of researchers have begun to incorporate additional aspects of self-esteem into their research and theories. These aspects include implicit self-esteem (Covington, 2000), contingent self-esteem (Crocker Wolfe, 2001) and stability of self-esteem (Kernis Goldman, 2002). In this research, the research had discussed the concept of self-esteem and the contingencies of self worth of students in the university sample. Students are future of any nat ion there immanent development is very vital and effective while it comes to their studies and development of these skills. The study examines the joint implications of level and stability of self-esteem for non-homogeneous aspects of psychological and interpersonal functioning. This research has begun by discussing close to definitional and measurement issues concerning these two self-esteem components.In clarification of the optimistic emotions and favorable beliefs are associated to the self with high self-esteem. It seems reasonable to think that mass who have high self esteem fare better in terms of the objective outcomes they experience in vivification that they would not only be happier but also richer, more successful, better loved, and perhaps even more attractive than low self-esteem people. Although researchers have long speculated that high self-esteem also has objective benefits, these hypothesized benefits are typically puny or nonexistent (Kernis, 2006).As (Well s Marwell, 1976) pointed out in their important monograph, three difficulties arise out of the ubiquity of the term. First, the conviction upon common-sense definitions gives the misleading impression that diametric writers are referring to the same thing when they discuss self-esteem. Secondly, the assumption that everyone has an intuitive understanding of its nature hides the fact that individual theorists intromit various(a) views as to what comprises a healthy component of personality. It is a natural phenomenon for general people to think disaccordently and have a concept of complex definition and understanding as the phenomenon sound complex and un-unique with general speaking and term for mundane life.According to identity theory, the self is composed of multiple identities that reflect the various social positions that an individual occupies in the larger social structure. Meanings in an identity reflect an individuals conception of himself or herself as an occupant of that particular position (S examineker, 1980). Self-verification occurs when meanings in the social situation match or confirm meanings in an identity. Thus, when individuals enact and verify an identity, they simultaneously produce and reproduce the social structural arrangements that are the real source of those meanings. In adopting such a position in the investigation, the research maintains the central revolve about on the individual within the social structure that has traditionally characterized the structural symbolic interactions position (Stryker, 1980).Understanding of self-esteem is one issue, which still needs to be clear and require much lead to be perceivable for everyone. On the other hand talking about self-esteem it is also an issue that is very enlighten about its level. There are no. of researches been make for measuring the levels of self-esteem and debating on LSE or HSE have any/what impacts and benefits. Getting high self-esteem also require some co st as zippo is free or for granted. Some recent evidence invokes that high self-esteem has costs, especially under conditions of ego threat. Ego threat did not only losing of money but some prison terms losing of relationships as well. How students can cope up with ego threat on the negative aspects shows their over-confident leads to lack of exam preparations or class presentation cause reduction in their marks and failure.While research in each of the directions is extensive (Wells Marwell, 1976), little research has been synthesized the three research streams into an overall incorporated model. The theory of self-esteem integrated with the three conceptualizations within the context of structural symbolic interaction, or identity theory (Stryker, 1980). (Ervin Stryker, 2001) began the process by discussing the links betwixt self-esteem, identity salience, and identity commitment. The connections between the diverse conceptualizations of self-esteem, however, remain unclear . The research connecting the self-esteem with the contingencies of self worth and measuring with GPA scores of students academic performance.In customary culture like today when people have life which not only very fast but also facing pressure from different dimensions, over 2000 self-help books, audiotapes, and childrearing manuals have been developed to enhance peoples self-esteem, with the assumption that high self-esteem (HSE) leads to a more successful, satisfying life. Having high self-esteem create difficulty is a different story but this is for sure that people having low self-esteem will definitely create problem for that person, nevertheless for him/her family too. People who find that have low value in their life, or they think like they havent achieve much their life and they have not much to get or work to get are having somewhere around having low self-esteem, self-concept and self-worth.Measuring or assessment of self-esteem is not that easy, it is a very difficult concept to valuate for research. Self-esteem is a complex psychological concept, difficult to define and challenging to assess and to research (Rosenberg, 1965). The row form of self-esteem, it is define as the value or worth a person think he have about his self it is the reflection of persons value and appraisal about his self worth and value. Self-esteem is overall e military rank of persons trait about his emotions count and perception, for theoretical account I am a good student in general I have an ability to make tasty food or I am proud on my academic performance.Much self-esteem research in the twentieth century focused on global self-esteem. According to (Rosenberg, 1965), the social learning theorist define self-esteem as, an individuals global judgments about him- or herself, including levels of self-worth, self-acceptance and self-respect.Some psychologists (Wagner Valtin, 2004) anticipate that self-esteem was a global concept of one self, which was firm by some p recise self-concepts. Self-Esteem establishes most frequently to an individuals overall positive valuation of the self (Rosenberg, 1965).Self-esteem is the inside feeling of a person about one self whatsoever the domain of that self-esteem. Some researchers said that, the collection of two diverse magnitudes were, competence and worth (James, 1890). The competence measurement (efficacy- tightd self-esteem) submits to the degree though which an individual can see himself as competent and efficacious. The worth measurement refers to the degree though which an individuals feel that they have some value and they are a persons of worth value.In this world of today where everybody is fighting for survival and succession in the life, people are developing their self to be more competent and successful they need to have high level of self-confident and self-esteem i.e. they must believe on their own ability that they can do whatever the environment society is depending. During the 1990s, some psychologists claimed that self-esteem was not a global one-dimensional throw accordingly, studies on the structure of self-esteem have become increasingly popular. Until recently, researchers believed that self-esteem was a hierarchically organized and multifaceted construct, but they did not agree on how to define the different domains. (Crocker Wolfe, 2001). Now some of the researches have demonstrated different aspects with different domains, through which people can increase their self-esteem, and eventually could flow their self-esteem, when those domains been touch on by any means these different domains were used.Self-esteem has different levels, the highest being global self-esteem, the lowest being evaluation of specific, concrete behaviors in context and with domain self-esteem, such as academic self-esteem and nonacademic self-esteem, being somewhere in the middle. Researchers have explored the structure of self-esteem extensively using this hierarchical model. Other thence these hierarchical levels there are also domains through which one can find where he/she is mostly lacking or prospering their self-esteem.In the year 2001, (Crocker Wolfe, 2001) proposed that self-esteem is contingent on different domains like appearance, competition, family support, perception of Gods love, approval from others, school competence and behavior, and they claimed that both global self-esteem and domain self-esteem could be classified as both a trait and a state. Trait self-esteem is relatively more of stable over time, at the same time as state self-esteem fluctuates according to the immediate circumstances or any situation that can affect the persons.The study, deployed instrument of Contingencies of self-worth scale, which have seven factors of domain self-esteem. A mishap of domain self-esteem is the degree to which a person stakes his/her self-esteem on a particular domain or category, such that the person values himself/herself more if s/he meets his/her personal standards of success in these domains (Crocker Wolfe, 2001). It depends in what domain people based their self-esteem those different domains have different contingencies for their self-esteem.People differ in the contingencies of self-esteem because it all depends where they based their self-esteem (James, 1890), and a person may value multiple contingencies to varying degrees (Crocker Wolfe, 2001). legion(predicate) researchers like (Crocker, et al., 2003 Crocker, 2006) have done a lot of research on domain based self-esteem conducted in 2003, demonstrated that contingency of academic self-esteem moderates the effect of success and failure events on academic state self-esteem.The domains on which self-esteem is highly contingent, enduring events or dramatically and permanently changed circumstances would function the level of trait self-esteem claimed by (Crocker Park, 2004). However, these contingencies are the sort of effect, which would not replicated for trait self-esteem, and the social approval contingency did not moderate the effect of social approval from others on trait self-esteem demonstrated by (Lemay Ashmore, 2006). High level of self-esteem often regarded as the holy grail of psychological health the major keys of self a person can have are like happiness, self-value, self-confidence, success, and popularity. In contract to high self-esteem, low self-esteem blamed for social problems ranging from poor educational attainment to drug and alcohol abuse.Nevertheless, this glowing view of high self-esteem has detractors who plead that the purpose benefits of high self-esteem are small and limited (Crocker, 2006). Even though pleasant feelings, high self-worth and enhanced initiative are the producer of high self-esteem, it did not cause high academic achievement, good job performance, or leadership, nor did low self-esteem cause violence, smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or becoming sexually active at an early age. Many pare nts, educators, and policymakers are confused, with some holding steadfastly to the idea that low self-esteem is the root of much, if not all, evil, and others concluding that self-esteem are, at best, irrelevant. Although high self-esteem did little to cause positive outcomes in life, and low self-esteem is not to blame for most social and personal problems, but some of the researcher are disagree that self-esteem is contrary (Crocker Wolfe, 2001). There is always a detriment of high or low self-esteems one can get.People want to believe with the aim of they are laudable and important human beings, in addition to this desire drives their behavior. Here the research suggest that self-esteem has great significance lies less in whether it is high or low, but fact of the matter is that, in what manner people judge that, they are in need of to have value and person of worth (Crocker, 2006). What the research call is the contingencies of self-worth.Self-esteem and Contingencies of sel f-worthAbout a century ago, William James (James, 1890) recommended that self-esteem is both a stable trait as well as an insecure state transitory feelings of self-esteem fluctuates a persons distinctive or trait level in response to good and bad events around him. James also noted and highlighted in his research that people are selective about what kinds of events affect their self-esteem.Self-esteem is a belief of one person he/she hold about themselves. High self-esteem people believe they are intelligent, attractive, and popular. Nevertheless high self-esteem people acknowledge that they had flaws or made mistakes in the aloof past, they see their present or recent past selves in a particularly positive light, believing they have changed for the better even when concurrent evaluations suggest they have not (Ross, 2002).(Crocker Wolfe, 2001) proposed that good and bad events in domains of contingent self-worth raise or lower momentary feelings of self-esteem around a persons typical or trait level of self-esteem, and these fluctuations in state self-esteem have motivational consequences. When level of self-esteem is on higher site people feel good, and self-esteem is on lower site then people feel bad. Consequently, apart from that whether people typically have high or low self-esteem, they search for the emotional high linked with success in domains of contingent self-worth and struggle to eliminate the emotional lows that accompany failure in these domains. Consequently, contingencies of self-worth regulate behavior.Many research studies have verified that people those have high self esteem gets the benefits of having high trait self esteem. The clearest benefits are positive emotions, and current self-concepts that accompany high self-esteem (Kernis, 2006). Self-esteem strongly related to the sentimental character of daily life, with high self-esteem people reporting happier events, feeling of successes, positive effect, less hopelessness, more lif e satisfaction, less anxiety, and fewer depressive symptoms as compare to people who are low in self-esteem.In June 20, 2006, a 16-year old boy in Tokyo mess fire to his house, killing his stepmother, brother, and sister. The reason for this act was. The boy was ashamed of his poor academic test performance and wanted to avoid scolded by his results-obsessed parents (Lewis, 2006). Although an extreme case, this example illustrates how profoundly failure can affect self-esteem, emotion, motivation, and behavior. When people fail, they may be devastated emotionally link failure to the self, thinking I am a failure rather than I failed and pursue goals and behaviors to alleviate the pain of failure (Park, Crocker 2004). This is not the case in everyones situation, however, contradicts to failure in the same way. Research has reveals that people react on failure conditions according to their level of self esteem more particularly, people those have low self-esteem (LSE) are more sensi tively brook and discouraged by failure as compare to people those have high self-esteem (HSE). People who have moderate or good level of self worth like students, are they also performing good on academic mode, whether the students did not invest their self esteem in the domain of academic competences.However focusing on ones strengths and minimizing ones weaknesses often foster positive mood, optimism, and perseverance, when ones weaknesses interfere with accomplishing important goals and can be addressed, the exaggeratedly positive and highly certain self-views of high self-esteem may be an obstacle to recognizing and addressing their weaknesses and accomplishing their goals. When people have successes, particularly students when performing well and having good GPA are also having higher score on self worth scale.In general, it seems likely that both low and high self-esteem are helpful or adaptive in some situations, and not adaptive in others. Because low self-esteem people do ubt their abilities and worry about whether others will accept them, they tend to integrate feedback from others (Brockner, 1984). These positive illusions can be helpful or unhelpful, depending on the state of affairs. the positive self-views associated with high self-esteem may be helpful for asking the boss for a raise, but interfere with understanding his feedback about areas in which one needs to improve before a raise is about to happen.On the bases of previous research and theories, the research hypothesized that people more specifically students based their self-esteem in the domain of academic competence, when they have lower level of GPA must be having a lower score on the scale of CSWS. In the present studies, the research examined the overall self-worth of students at university level the research also examined their results in GPA form and link with the domain of academic competence. a domain of importance and relevance to many college students (Crocker, Luhtanen, Coope r, Bouvrette, 2003).and found the relationship of Academic performance have any impact on students level of self esteem or not.Contingencies of self-worth symbolize the domains of those people who invest their self-esteem and their success in these domains boosts self-esteem, whereas failure diminishes it (Crocker Wolfe, 2001). A daily report study of university seniors applying to graduate school showed that academic contingency predicts an increase in self-esteem on days they accepted to graduate programs and a decrease in self-esteem on days they were rejected (Crocker, 2006). Because success and failure in domains of contingencies affect self-worth, people who have contingent self-worth seek success and avoid failure in these domains to maintain or boost their sense of self-worth.Among the seven domains of contingencies commonly identified in university students (Crocker, Luthanen, Cooper, Bourvrette, 2003), the research focused on all the domains of self worth and hypothesiz ed that the significantly high level of self esteem of those students also have higher GPA score when performance academically. The study also see that where university student mostly invest their self-worth in these domains of contingencies. When students are not, sure, that success is possible or failure avoided they will disengage from the task, deciding it did not matter, rather than die hard the loss of self-esteem that accompanies failure in these domains (Crocker, et al., 2002).The Contingencies of self-worth approach extends or challenges existing models of self-esteem in several ways. Crocker Wolfe argument on the importance of self-esteem that lies in what it is contingent upon stands in contrast to decades of research focused on whether trait self-esteem is high or low (Crocker Wolfe, 2001). Furthermore, they did not break up the focus to whether people have low or high self-esteem in specific domains such as academics or competence, but rather symptomatic of that reg ardless of peoples level of domain-specific self-esteem, contingent self-worth in these domains has predictable consequences.Although the Kernis study complementary to research that focuses on the stability of self-esteem over time (Kernis, 2006), their research also across-the-board that work by showing that instability of self-esteem results from experiencing positive and negative events in those domains in which self-esteem is contingent. The research argues that nearly everyone has contingencies of self-worth but that people differ as to what their self-esteem is contingent happening.Those students who based their self-esteem on top of their academic accomplishments typically have self-validation goals in this domain, viewing their schoolwork as an luck to demonstrate their intelligence. Because failure in domains of contingency threatens self-esteem, people try to avoid failure by increasing fret, if they are still uncertain of success, they may abjure their self-validation goal and become unmotivated, or prepare excuses that will soften the blow to self-esteem in case they fail. Basing self-esteem on external factors such as appearance, others approval, or academic achievement has more negative consequences than basing it on internal factors such as virtue or Gods love. And in contrast to most researchers who argue that self-esteem is a fundamental human need that people need to pursue (Stryker, 1980), Pursuing for self-esteem by attempting to prove that one is a success in domains of contingency is costly were argued by (Crocker Park, 2004). There is always a cost for getting to improve self-esteem those domains, which can boost your level, require different events or elements according to your domain.When failure in domains of contingency cannot dismissed with defensive responses, self-esteem decreases. Consequently, contingencies of self-worth are both a source of motivation and a psychological vulnerability (Crocker, 2006). Making excuses or bl aming others is defensive maneuvers by which people deflect the threat to self-esteem when they do fail.In this study the research have investigated the domains in which university students commonly invest their self-esteem, including appearance, others approval, outperforming others, academics, family support, virtue, and religious faith or Gods love. The research indicates that contingencies of self-worth shape students emotions, thoughts, and behavior.In a sample of university, students over all have high self-esteem have also higher when they have to show their performance on academic scales, the additional students pedestal their self-esteem on their academic success. The higher students self-esteem was on days they were admitted to graduate school and the lower their self-esteem was on days they were rejected (Crocker, et al., 2002). It is all about the event, which makes the students self esteem to affected, whether it is getting admissions, getting scores on final exams or g etting feedback on their class performance.Contingencies of self-worth are strongly related to the goal of validating ones abilities in the domain of contingency (Crocker Park, 2004), and students report spending more time on activities that are related to their contingencies of self-worth (Crocker, et al., 2002). People always spend time in those activities where they most found themselves worthy and feel un-worthy when they lack or failure on those domains. The research has to see relate with the higher level of self-esteem of students with the domain academic performance of contingencies of self worth.All the educational achievements at university level are measures on GPA bases. GPA is the ultimate result that reflects the students attention on his/her academics. When students based their self esteem in the domain of academic competence/performance then their score in the CSW scale must be high and those who base their self esteem on academics they contingent their self esteem by knowing and upgrading their learning ability and increase their academic performance. One of this researchs important variables is students GPA.Academic achievements measured by students results in form of grades, percentages and Grand point assessments. Students results are depending of many elements but classroom environment and facilitation for learning are the core elements, which are subject to university or institute. Nonetheless, the abilities like mentions above about cognitive learning have to contribute to students performance and it is most important for those people who based their self-esteem in the domain of academic competence, and it is highly depended on students learning attributes and academic environment that ultimately lead to healthier academic self-esteem.Self-esteem is collective of many attributes and component, one of them is person is itself, the image they carry about perception they thing people have for them in their minds. The self-worth theory of achievement motivation suggests that people are motivated to construct an image of them as competent to maintain and enhance their self-esteem (Covington, 2000). Researcher also comment on the situation in which their findings had shown that students whose self worth is contingent on academics tend to adopt achievement goals focused more on performance than on learning.There is another group of students out general people, who base their self esteem on their appearance and approval of others, in this case most of the time students not much focus on their academic results, they try to invest more on their looks, clothes and appearance. Any researches had work on it and propose many conclusions reveals findings. Along these lines, the research propose that constructing an image of the self as competent may involve not only seeing one as competent but also ensuring that others perceive and acknowledge ones competence. Another term for this idea is self-presentation peoples attempts to create, modify, or maintain an impression of the self in the minds of others. Like many other people who focus and define self-presentation goal as an effort to convey a desired image of one to others students also involve in creating they self-presentation to make an image to your viewpoint.Crocker Wolfe anticipated that people with LSE would show negative responses to failure, but only if they stro

Whole Exome Sequencing in Inherited Endocrine Disorders

tout ensemble Exome Sequencing in Inherited Endocrine DisordersBackgroundMolecular diagnosis is important in the management of various paediatric endocrine gland disorders including disorders of return, metabolism, bone, hypoglycaemia and sexual development. Traditional PCR-based Sanger sequencing is the mainstay format for molecular interrogation in paediatric cases. However, the large number of gene defects associated with the various endocrine disorders renders gene-by-gene testing increasingly expensive and unattractive. The large number of potentially relevant genes makes it challenging for hospital molecular diagnostic laboratories to offer gene-based testing of all candidates. Given the gamy costs associated with single-gene tests, the selection of candidates for single-gene sequencing tends to be sequential rather than inclusive and parallel. In practice, different genes may be outsourced to different clinical or in whatever cases academic research laboratories which a dds to the complexity. Using new high-throughput sequencing technologies, safe and sound genomes, whole exomes or candidate-gene panels (targeted gene sequencing) can now be cost-effectively sequenced for endocrine patient ofs. In the near future, protocols involving next- times sequencing would believably be considered as an appropriate component of routine clinical diagnosis for relevant patients.Defects of pituitary endocrine glands lead to abnormalities in growth (e.g., short altitude), sexual development, fertility, tension response and other metabolic processes. A number of genes coding for arrangement factors fix been identified, mutations in which cause medical disorders in humans associated with pituitary deficiencies 1-2. any(prenominal) of these factors, such as PROP1, TPIT, POU1F1, LHX3 and LHX4, play roles in the normal embryological development of the anterior pituitary. Mutations in these genes can lead to multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and/or syndro mic hypopituitarism 3.The transcription factors such as HESX1, OTX2, SHH, SOX2 and SOX3 argon involved in midline development. Mutations in these can cause septo-optic dysplasia or holoprosencephaly, both of which may include pituitary hormone deficiencies 4. Other genes encode the precursors to pituitary hormones (growth hormone, ACTH through processing of POMC, gonadotropic-luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone). Mutations in these genes lead to phenotypes characteristic of individual hormone deficiency. The pituitary secretory cells themselves respond to signals originating in the hypothalamus, some of which are also peptide hormones with proper(postnominal) receptors expressed on the responding cells mutations in these genes or their cognate receptors can also cause combined or circumstantial pituitary deficiencies 1. However, many cases of congenital hypopituitarism still remain unexplained and most are presumably due to other c auses, either mutations in other developmental genes or epi hereditary influences during embryogenesis.Short stature is a common presentation to the paediatric endocrinology clinics. However, no cause is identified in a large proportion of patients who are classified as having idiopathic short stature 5, 6, 7. It is estimated that the underlying cause for short stature remains unknown in approximately 80% of patients 8. In a large-scale pooled Next-Generation Sequencing study to identify transmissible causes of short stature, 4928 genetic variants in 1077 genes were present in patients but not in control subjects 9. big sequencing efforts have the potential to rapidly identify genetic aetiologies of short stature. In another study, seeking to identify known and genetic causes of short stature by conducting whole exome sequencing of the patients with severe short stature and their family members, genetic cause of short stature was found in 5 out of the 14 recruited patients 10. Rar e genetic defects in the GH/IGF-1 axis have been found to cause short stature. A higher frequency of rare CNVs (common number variants) has been reported in patients with short stature 8, 11. A recent study to define genetic characterisation of a cohort of children clinically labelled as Growth Hormone or IGF1 unresponsive found that whole exome sequencing contributed to the diagnosis of children with suspected growth hormone and IGF1 insensitivity, particularly in the Growth hormone insensitive subjects with low serum IGF1 SDS and height SDS 12. It may be now possible to identify likely genetic causes of short stature by implementing genomic investigative techniques like whole exome sequencing in many of these children who have unknown reasons for their poor linear growth.Congenital Hyperinsulinism (qi) is the most common cause of persistent and recurrent hypoglycaemia in infancy 13. It is the result of unregulated insulin secernment from the pancreatic -cells leading to severe h ypoglycaemia 13, 14. This condition has been reported in nearly all major ethnic groups and affects at least 1/50,000 children of European descent 14. CHI is caused by genetic defects in key genes regulating insulin secretion. The genetic basis of CHI involves mutations in nine different genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, HNF4A, HNF1A and UCP2), which regulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic -cells 14,15. The most common molecular cause of CHI is the dysfunction of the pancreatic KATP run encoded by the sulfonylurea receptor gene (ABCC8) and the inward rectifying potassium channel gene (KCNJ11) 14,15.CHI can also be secondary to risk factors like birth asphyxia, intra-uterine growth retardation, Rh isoimmunisation and maternal diabetes mellitus or associated with various developmental syndromes 16. Histologically, CHI can be associated either with diffuse insulin secretion or with focal adenomatous hyperplasia. Positron emission tomography scan using Fluorine-18 L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18-fluoro DOPA-TC-PET-scan) has been used to tick focal from diffuse forms. Medical treatments of CHI include diazoxide (KATP channel activator), somatostatin analogue (octreotide) injections, and appropriate diet. The surgical treatment with subtotal pancreatectomy is required in diffuse CHI when medical treatment and dietary therapies are ineffective, whereas focal CHI can be cured with resection of the focal area of adenomatous hyperplasia 14, 15, 16. Recently, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor sirolimus has been used in treatment of persistent severe CHI not amenable to medical therapies 18. CHI has been described as an associated finding in various syndromes like Beckwith-Wiedemann, Kabuki, Trisomy 13, Mosaic Turner, Sotos, Usher, Timothy, Costello, Central Hypoventilation syndrome and Leprechaunism (Insulin Resistance Syndrome) 17. However, in many patients, with clinically defined syndromic features and with hypoglycaemia, no ide ntifiable genetic cause contributing to hyperinsulinism is found. In a large serial of 300 patients, genetic diagnosis was made only in 45.3% of the patients and mutations in ABCC8 were the commonest identifiable cause 19. The vast majority of patients with Diazoxide-responsive CHI (77.6%) had no identifiable mutations, suggesting other genetic mechanisms 19. Molecular diagnosis can be very important for clinicians to manage the patients more effectively and to counsel parents on the prognosis and disease recurrence. Whole Exome sequencing can be advantageous in these groups of patients to identify the molecular defects and to assess the coding variants that may be pathogenic in these patients 20.AimsTo identify novel genetic causes of rare inherited endocrine disorders in children with a focus on congenital hyperinsulinism, short stature of unknown etiology and IGF1 abnormalities by using whole exome sequencing.Experimental Design and MethodsPatient RecruitmentPatients with a diag nosis of CHI referred to alder tree Hey Childrens Hospital, which is a national referral centre for CHI, provide be recruited into the study. A written informed parental consent will be obtained. These patients will be biochemically confirmed as CHI using the following criteria snag glucose concentration of less than 3.0 mmol/l with detectable insulin and/or C-peptideGlucose requirement 8mg/kg/minLow levels of ketones and fatty acids during the episode of hypoglycaemiaClinical and biochemical selective information will be collated from referral letter or by case note review. Patients with a secondary cause of CHI such as perinatal asphyxia, intra-uterine growth restriction, Rhesus isoimmunisation, infants of diabetic mothers and infants with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome will be excluded from the study.Patients are considered to be unresponsive to medical treatment if recurrent hypoglycaemia episodes (Patients attending the Paediatric Endocrinology clinic at Alder Hey Childrens Hosp ital with severe short stature (3 SDS below mean) for age and sex in whom the standard clinical work up has not revealed a diagnosis for their short stature will be recruited into the study. Patients referred or evaluated for growth hormone insensitivity (growth failure, low serum IGF1 and normal/elevated serum GH) or IGF1 insensitivity (pre- and postnatal growth failure associated with relatively high IGF1 levels) will also be recruited into the study.A written parental informed consent will be obtained prior to the recruitment.Whole Exome Sequencing (WES)WES will be performed at the Centre for Genomic Research (CGR) based at the University of Liverpool. The test will be ordered after(prenominal) explaining the risks and benefits of testing to the patient and obtaining written informed consent. Each patient (and their parents or guardians) will be advised of the potential disclosure of conditions unrelated to the indication for testing that might warrant treatment or additional me dical surveillance for the patient and possibly other family members.Peripheral-blood samples will be obtained to isolate DNA from the patient and both parents where possible. High-throughput sequencing will be performed using Illumina HiSeq2500. The genomic DNA samples from probands will be fragmented, ligated to Illumina multiplexing and amplified by means of a polymerase-chain-reaction assay with the use of primers with sequencing barcodes. Variants that were deemed clinically significant will be confirmed by means of Sanger sequencing. Parental samples, if available, will also be analysed by means of Sanger sequencing. Further functional analysis will be undertaken to establish the pathogenicity of the identified variant by utilising the in-house lab facilities at Institute of Child Health.Relevance of the proposed projectDespite the advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis, specific genetic determinants are not known in nearly 50% of patients with CHI and 80% of chi ldren with short stature. Whole exome sequencing in this group of patients will serve well to understand and identify the potential causative mutations in genes implicated in insulin regulation and growth. This will help the clinicians to provide optimal treatment and to counsel patients on disease progression and recurrence risk. Identification of novel genetic aetiology has the potential to identify novel therapeutic strategies for these patients. The applicant will spend season initially at Alder Hey Childrens Hospital to recruit patients and then(prenominal) at Cincinnati Childrens Hospital to learn the techniques of WES, bioinformatics and functional analysis. The applicant will then return to Alder Hey Childrens Hospital Institute of Child Health, University of Liverpool to complete the study and strengthen the local research expertise relevant to next generation sequencing.

Source 1: Essay -- essays papers

Source 1This article discusses the future constituent of the library media specialist, which describes that they need to have a big share in education. Many believe that librarians atomic number 18 the original specialists so they call it the information perspective (Lowe, 2000). This is where the library media specialists look at the curriculum, assignments, and learning in terms of information resources, impactes, and technologies required for student success. The library media specialists are going to be the pioneers in teaching information skills and integrating technology skills to the information for problem-solving process (Lowe, 2000). Gary Hartzell, a professor at University of Nebraska, believes that the library specialists should participate in decisions affecting technology and the curriculum at the school districts. Technology is increasing e preciseday, which is changing the role of educators as well as education. As technology is increasing, there is a great er need for information, libraries, and technology in the schools. Some steps for the library media specialists are to learn and absorb, which means they find information and share it with their colleagues. Secondly, get involved in the information and technology program. Lastly, be a leader, take an active role in decision making and planning.This article described many good ideas for the future of education involving library media specialists. Technology is increasing and they can be very attendful with information for students as well as other teachers. The article discussed many good examples how the specialists could get involved. I liked to see that they can help take a look at the curriculum, assignments, for students success. For the most part of ... ...is going to be a huge success in the future. I believe that this will help children out and improve childrens achievement. It is good that they have a curriculum for all ages and they do not focus on one age group. They are also focusing on the main subjects such as math, science, and geography. They are also making sure that the professionals are fitted out(p) and have enough information and resources to teach the children.ReferencesFording, L. (2004, March 30). Education, 21st Century-Style. Newsweek. OnlineNewspaper. URL http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4633126/site/newsweek/Lowe, C. (2000, November). The Role of School Library Media Specialist in the 21st Century. In Eric Digest Online. URL http//www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/21st.htmNASA. (2005, February 15). Classroom of the Future. WWW document. URL http//www.cet.edu/aboutus/cotf.html

Julius Caesar Essay: Brutuss and Antonys Speeches -- Julius Caesar E

Brutuss and Antonys Speeches in Julius Caesar   William Shakespeares Julius Caesar is a tragic story of the dog and the manger.  After Caesar is killed Mark Antony, a good friend of Caesar, plots to punish his bloody death.  He knows there is strength in numbers, and through a linguistic communication at Caesars funeral, Antony plans to win the crowd of Rome and turn them against Brutus and the other conspirators.  Cassius is superstar of the leading conspirators and is weary of Antony Brutus is positive that there is nothing to fear, but he speaks before Antony at the funeral just to be safe.  These two speeches, vastly different in message but convertible in delivery, move the emotions of the people.  Brutuss and Antonys speeches differ in length, have similar ways of keeping the crowds at gotion, and differ in tone.                The first and roughly obvious difference in the two funeral orations is their lengths.  Brutuss speech is composed of 403 authoritative words whereas Antonys speech makes an immense impact with 1097 words.  Brutus is over-confident and only says what he needs to in order to get his stopover across.  He does not expect anything more than a tear-filled eulogy from Antony, therefore shortening his explanation of Caesars murder.  Brutus is also having some downslope about his murderous deed, and he does not want to sound as if he is defending himself or his motives, simply interpreting them.  Antony, on the other hand, has ofttimes more to say than Brutus anticipates.  His speech is split into six lengthy sections.  First, Antony counters what Brutus says by proving that Caesar was not ambitiou... ...ve in his cause rather than Brutuss.  Finally, while the crowd is in scare of Brutuss raw power and well-off authority, Antony uses sarcasm to rip down any respect the romish people may have built for Brutus and the co nspirators.  In his funeral oration, Antony insults Brutus ten times by stating that he is an honorable man (Act III, scene ii, line 84) in a tone of biting mockery, therefore questioning Brutuss credibility.               It is true that the Roman people have emotions that gestate with the winds, but this is partly due to the great speaking skills of both Brutus and Mark Antony.  Using different tactics, the speakers are able to scarper a game of tug-of-war.  Antony perchance pulls Brutus facedown into the mud where Caesars blood, still fresh, forms puddles.   Julius Caesar Essay Brutuss and Antonys Speeches -- Julius Caesar EBrutuss and Antonys Speeches in Julius Caesar   William Shakespeares Julius Caesar is a tragic story of the dog and the manger.  After Caesar is killed Mark Antony, a good friend of Caesar, plots to revenge his bloody death.  He knows there is strength in numbe rs, and through a speech at Caesars funeral, Antony plans to win the crowd of Rome and turn them against Brutus and the other conspirators.  Cassius is one of the leading conspirators and is weary of Antony Brutus is confident that there is nothing to fear, but he speaks before Antony at the funeral just to be safe.  These two speeches, vastly different in message but similar in delivery, move the emotions of the people.  Brutuss and Antonys speeches differ in length, have similar ways of keeping the crowds attention, and differ in tone.                The first and most obvious difference in the two funeral orations is their lengths.  Brutuss speech is composed of 403 authoritative words whereas Antonys speech makes an immense impact with 1097 words.  Brutus is over-confident and only says what he needs to in order to get his point across.  He does not expect anything more than a tear-filled eulogy from An tony, therefore shortening his explanation of Caesars murder.  Brutus is also having some regrets about his murderous deed, and he does not want to sound as if he is defending himself or his motives, simply interpreting them.  Antony, on the other hand, has much more to say than Brutus anticipates.  His speech is split into six lengthy sections.  First, Antony counters what Brutus says by proving that Caesar was not ambitiou... ...ve in his cause rather than Brutuss.  Finally, while the crowd is in awe of Brutuss raw power and booming authority, Antony uses sarcasm to rip down any respect the Roman people may have built for Brutus and the conspirators.  In his funeral oration, Antony insults Brutus ten times by stating that he is an honorable man (Act III, scene ii, line 84) in a tone of biting mockery, therefore questioning Brutuss credibility.               It is true that the Roman people have emotions that sway with the winds, but this is partly due to the great speaking skills of both Brutus and Mark Antony.  Using different tactics, the speakers are able to play a game of tug-of-war.  Antony unexpectedly pulls Brutus facedown into the mud where Caesars blood, still fresh, forms puddles.